The Pope at War, page 84
reaction to Italy’s entrance into war, 146
reelection of, 104, 510n8
Rome as open city and, 327–29
solicitousness toward Italy, 550n32
Spellman and, 169, 252
surrender of Italians, 317
U.S. Catholic bishops’ declaration of support for, 221
Rosenberg, Alfred, 66
Rossi Raffaello, 403, 404
S
Sabatelli, Enrica, 421
Sabatelli, Tranquillo, 421
Salotti, Carlo, 221, 535n13, 541n5, 548n2
Salza, Giacomo, 221, 222
Sarfatti, Margherita, 268
Sargent, Orme, 535n8, 546n17
Scavizzi, Pirro, 216, 224–25, 228, 242, 536n25
Schuster, Ildefonso
basic facts about, 446
as Fascist, 99, 322, 406–7, 441–42, 509n12, 570nn38–40
Mussolini and, 455, 577n27
Mussolini’s attempts to contact pope and, 447–48, 449, 576n13
on “people’s tribunals,” 457–58
postwar, 465
Scorza, Carlo, 279, 548n1
Segre, Abramo, 382–83
Segrè, Marco, 422
Segrè, Mario, 421–22
Segrè, Noemi, 422
Selassie, Haile, 197
Sister Pascalina. See Lehnert, Pascalina
Slovakia, deportation of Jews in, 257, 274, 275
Smith, Margaret, 389
Soviet Union
advances in Europe, 453
Axis attack on, 205–7
nonaggression pact with Germany, 70–71, 74, 86–87, 93
occupation of Baltic states, 159
in Poland, 84, 180, 281
siege of Stalingrad, 251
victory against Germans and Italians in Russia, 265, 281
Spellman, Francis, 170
basic facts about, 168–69
elevated to cardinal, 468
Fascism and, 523nn5–6
Fascist newspaper attacks on Spellman, 169
Galeazzi and, 339
money collected from American Catholics for Pius XII and, 540n30
Pius XII and, 209
Roosevelt and, 169, 252
Taylor and Order of Malta, 576n8
Stahel, Reiner, 353, 361, 377, 559n21
Stimson, Henry Lewis, 430
Summi Pontificatus: “On the Unity of Human Society” (Pius XII), 89–90
T
The Tablet, 463
Tacchi Venturi, Pietro, 222, 229
anti-Jewish racial laws and Italian baptized Jews and, 37–38, 334–35, 499n7
basic facts about, xxi
German roundups of Jews and, 384–85, 386
as Pius XI’s emissary to Mussolini, 36–37
Pius XII as peacemaker and, 43, 76, 496n5
as Pius XII emissary to Mussolini, 37, 495n15
Tardini, Domenico, 73
American notice of Italians’ choice of invasion or ending war and, 287–88
basic facts about, xxi, 71–72, 502n8
on bombing of Rome, 413
bombing of Vatican City and, 373
Catholic institutions hiding those fleeing Nazis and, 404, 569n31, 573n29
changes to anti-Jewish racial laws favoring Italian baptized Jews, 334
Ciano as opposed to war and, 510n4
Dalla Torre and, 506n7
fear of Communism if Allies won war, 290
German proposal to fight Communism and, 451–52
on German retreat from Rome, 425
on good versus bad Fascists, 165–66
Hitler as “Motorized Attila,” 163
on Maria José, 235–36, 538n18
Mussolini’s peace proposal and, 449, 577n21
new government for Italy and, 285
options for Pius XII upon Axis defeat in Russia, 281–82
Pancino and, 396
on papal use of American United Jewish Appeal relief funds for non-Jews, 185–86
on Pfeiffer, 563n14
on Pius XI’s outspoken nature, 13
Pius XII as peacemaker, 77, 314–16, 449, 503n18, 553n23
Pius XII’s blessing of Poland and, 83
Pius XII’s failure to condemn Nazi atrocities and, 231–32, 238, 257, 277, 538nn12–13, 538n24, 542n5, 544n6
Pius XII’s meeting with Churchill, 433–35
Pius XII’s private message from Roosevelt and, 298
Pius XII’s request that victors show “sentiments of clemency” to Italian collaborators and, 425–26
pleas to, to help Jews in Italy, 575n24
postwar position, 470
on priests writing for Farinacci, 570n38
relationship with Pius XII, 433, 435, 545n4
on Russian front as fight between devils, 532n16
secret negotiations between Pius XII and Hitler, 111, 114, 115, 511n19
on separate unconditional peace for Italy, 547n22
on U.S. support for Russia, 212
Vatican as best hope for protection of Rome and, 326–27
on Vatican not noting military value of bombing targets, 415, 572n14
Taylor, Myron, 240, 430
appeal to Pius XII to help Italian Jews held by Germans, 575n24
appointed Roosevelt’s personal representative, 104, 510n8
Atlantic Charter discussion with Pius XII, 211–12, 532n19
basic facts about, 104–5
Catholic Church as encouraging anti-Jewish feeling in U.S., 510n9
first meeting with Pius XII, 105–6
first meeting with Pius XII after U.S. entrance in war, 238–39
Italians’ choice of invasion or ending war, 287
on Jews hidden in Catholic institutions, 573n29
meeting with Pius XII and Welles, 120–21
Order of Malta and, 576n8
Pius XII and Mussolini’s peace proposal and, 577n21
Pius XII as peacemaker and, 429, 540n30, 573n6
on Pius XII’s fear of disorder in Italy if Axis is defeated, 539n30
on Pius XII’s response to bombing of Rome, 307
relationship with Pius XII, 211, 444–46
relief programs coordination by, 443–44
reports to Pius XII about extermination of Jews, 239–41
Thaon di Revel, Paolo, 549n14
Tiso, Josef, 225–26
Tisserant, Eugène
d’Ormesson and, 151
election of Pacelli as pope, 20
Pius XII and, 84, 151, 519n18
Tittmann, Harold
Bernardini on Axis victory and, 200
bombing of Rome and, 253
Catholic Church support for war and, 548n2
Ciano as ambassador to Holy See and, 267–68
on Galeazzi, 339–40
on Pius XII as peacemaker, 269–70
Pius XII’s failure to condemn Nazi atrocities, 238, 539n23, 544n16
reports to Pius XII about extermination of Jews, 241
on separate peace with Italy, 270
U.S. entrance into war and, 217
Togliatti, Palmiro, 467
Travaglini, Raffaele
basic facts about, 60–61
Lauri and, 529n23
secret negotiations between Pius XII and Hitler, 61–62, 64, 65–66, 106–11, 199, 500nn6-7, 511n19
U
Ukraine, 237
Umberto, Crown Prince of Italy, 233, 234, 347–49, 454, 466–67
United States
bombing of Italy by, 272, 281, 409, 441
Catholic bishops’ declaration supporting Roosevelt, 221
entrance into war feared by Mussolini, 207
lack of diplomatic relations with Vatican, 104
in North Africa, 247–48
Pacelli’s visit to, 4
Pius XII’s strategy for dealing with, 34
positions of Catholic prelates to Nazism in, 209
public opinion about Germany and Japan versus about Italy, 239
reaction to Italy’s entrance into war, 146, 518n5
secret talks with Badoglio government to end war, 341–44
war with Italy, 217–18, 533n2
V
Valera, Eamon de, 412–13
Vatican City
Allied pleas to strike against Germans in Rome and, 398
archives, xxix–xxx
art stored in, for safety, 412
attempt to bring food to Rome, 419–20
belief in Axis victory, 200
as best hope for protection of Rome, 326–27
bombing of, 373–75, 408–9, 552nn3–4, 552n7, 571n1
bombing of Italy as fault of, 248–49, 541n3
calls for obedience to Germans and Italian Social Republic, 572n11
Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, 463–64
conditions in, under German occupation, 398–99
defensive measures during demonstrations against Badoglio government, 323–24
denounced for supporting Fascism, 332
denunciation by, of attacks against Germans, 414
diplomatic relations with nations at war with Italy and, 517n9
established as sovereign state, 9
fear of Nazi postwar plans for Catholic Church and, 200, 222, 255, 535n16, 543n3
fear of occupation and takeover of Badoglio government by German military, 555n3
Federzoni and, 549n18
filming of Pastor Angelicus in, 227–28, 233, 537n2
German military stationed outside, 351–52
German soldiers seeking haven in, 555n15
improvement in relations with Italy, 99–100, 101–2, 509nn11–12, 510n14
Italian soldiers seeking refuge in, and Maglione, 555n14
knowledge of German roundups of Jews, 380, 564nn22–23
Latin American neutrality and, 532n4
map of(1939), xiv–xv
Operation Barbarossa and, 205–7
pleas to save baptized Jews, 369–70, 381, 382
Radio of, 180, 199
recognition of Italian Social Republic and, 378, 564n17
refugees in, 403–4, 422–23, 573n29
relations with Badoglio government, 318, 332
relations with Fascist Italian government, 293, 551n36, 559n33
relations with Germans during occupation, 376–77
relief supplies to Poland, 95
royal government representation at, 377–78, 563nn15–16
secretary of state duties, 501n7
spies in, 199, 528n21
support for Mussolini voiced, 221–22, 535n13
surveillance of foreign diplomats in, 164, 522n24
surveillance of prelates, 152–53, 520n21
U.S. entrance into war and, 217, 533n2
U.S. lack of diplomatic relations with, 104
Veneziani, Aldo, 369–70
Veneziani, Dario, 369–70
Veroli, Michele Di, 414
Victor Emmanuel III
Albanian crown and, 41–42, 42, 177
announcement of armistice and, 347
anti-Jewish racial laws and, 378–79
Badoglio government and, 311, 312, 321
basic facts about, xxvi, 100, 355–56, 509n13
belief in Axis victory, 251–52, 542n11
bombing of Vatican City and, 552n3
Christmas visit to Pius XII, 98
declaration of war, 144
escape from Italy of, 347–49, 555n1
fearful of end of monarchy, 284
fearful of occupation and takeover of Badoglio government by German military, 347–49
as head of government, 284, 286
