The Pope at War, page 79
basic facts about, xxiii, 82, 502n10
bombing of Italy as fault of Vatican and, 541n3
bombing of Vatican City and, 552n3, 563n7
on Catholic Church support for war, 528n14
election of Pacelli as pope, 25, 493n17
on Pius XII’s blessing of Alfieri and Mussolini, 96
on Pius XII’s speech on cause of evil, 219, 535n7
priests writing for, 570n38
on Schuster, 407
warnings to Mussolini about Vatican prelates, 151–52, 520n20
Federzoni, Luigi, 285, 549n18, 554n8, 555n14
Filusch, Augustus, 555n14
Finland, 98
Finzi, Enzo, 379
Fiorentino, Emma, 379–80
Florence, xxxiv–xxxv
Foà, Emilio, 40, 560n6
Foà, Giorgio, 40
Fontenelle, René, 520n20
Fossoli, 420, 421
France
deportation of Jews, 230–32, 256, 536n25
Italian offensive and, 154–55
Italy’s entrance into war and, 146, 518n4
Mussolini’s demands on, 43
Nazi invasion of, 133, 140, 148
Nazi invasion of Belgium and, 132
Operation Husky landing expected in, 551n37
Pius XII as peacemaker and, 44–45
Pius XII’s silence about invasion of Poland and, 84, 505n16, 507n10
Pius XII’s silence about situation in, 160, 161
public opinion about Pius XII, 52–53, 498n3
war declared on Germany, 81
See also Pétain, Philippe
Franco, Francisco, 37, 38, 179
François-Poncet, André, 144
Frank, Hans, 95
Fummi, Giovanni, 300
G
Galeazzi, Enrico, 339–40, 557n17, 569n34
Gangemi, Giovanni, 402
Gemelli, Agostino
instructions needed as to how to interface with Mussolini puppet government, 558n18
postwar, 465
support for war, 153, 159, 164, 193, 522n24, 527n7
Germany
actions against Catholic Church, xxxv, 6, 62–64, 92, 107–8, 114, 116, 209, 223, 249–50, 511n3
Allied bombing of Italy and, 404–6, 411, 571n6
Allied pleas to strike against, in Rome, 398
Austria and, 6–7, 168, 538n14
in Balkans, 197–98
Belgium and, 129, 139–40
Britain bombed by, 165, 168
British and French declarations of war against, 81
British bombing of, 247, 522n28
British POWS in Italy, 554n5
Ciano escape to, 337–38
criticized in Vatican newspaper, 13
Czechoslovakia and, 33, 494n8
Danzig and, 49, 498n2
as defender of Christianity, 475
deportation of Jews in, 538n14
early victories, 139–40, 208
election of Pacelli as pope and, 493n17
final victory of, assumed, 139, 516n1
Finland invaded by, 98
France invaded by, 133, 140, 148
in Greece, 198
Italian Communists and, 358
Italians’ feelings toward citizens of, 12
Italy invaded, 350–52
losses in North Africa and Soviet Union, 265, 284
military in Italy in case of Allied landing, 255, 543n1
Netherlands and, 129
nonaggression pact with Soviet Union, 70–71, 74, 86–87, 93
Norway and, 124
occupation of Italy by, 349, 376–87, 563n11
Operation Barbarossa, 205–7
Pact of Steel, 49–50, 50
Pius XII and improved relations with, 27, 47, 493n3, 496nn11–12
Pius XII as “sincere friend of,” 500n6
Pius XII’s strategy for dealing with, 34
plans for retreat from Rome, 561n21
Poland and, 79–80, 82, 180, 524n8
and postwar rewriting of history, 466
raids on Catholic institutions hiding Jews, 399–404, 568n26, 569nn27–31, 579n31, 579n34
reprisals for partisan attacks against military in Italy, 413–14, 457
Romanian oil, 177
soldiers’ audiences with Pius XII, 215, 255, 543n2
in Soviet Union, 251, 281
U.S. public opinion about, 239
See also Hitler, Adolf
“Giovinezza,” 30
Giurati, Camillo, 567n10
Godfrey, William, 158, 556n13
Goebbels, Joseph, 97, 269, 319–20, 349, 453
Gonella, Guido, 82–83, 87–88
Göring, Hermann, 135, 515n16
Grandi, Dino
Borgongini’s opinion of, 263–64
German assault on Czechoslovakia and, 494n8
Montini and, 554n9
on Mussolini, 81
Mussolini’s control of military and, 308
Pius XII and, 320, 554n9
resolution to return military control and constitutional powers to Victor Emmanuel III, 308, 310
Graziani, Rodolfo, 383, 386, 387, 455, 521n1, 561n11, 564n14, 566n4, 566nn34–35
Greece
German invasion of, 198
Italy’s invasion of, 174–75, 175, 176–77, 180, 187–88, 524n7
religion in, 524n13
Guariglia, Raffaele, 223
analysis of effects if alliance with Germany were renounced by, 338–39
armistice and, 349
in Badoglio government, 313, 321, 338–39
basic facts about, xxiii–xxiv
bombings of Italy as fault of Vatican and, 248–49, 541n3
calls for obedience to Badoglio government and, 554n14
Ciano as ambassador to Holy See and, 545n9
on close ties between Catholic Church and government of Mussolini, 224
Maglione and, 223, 321, 331
Nazi actions against Catholic Church and, 249–50
occupation and takeover of government by German military and, 331
Pius XII as peacemaker and, 257
Guglielmotti, Umberto, 567n14
H
Halifax, Lord
papal condemnation of invasion of Belgium, 132
Pius XII as peacemaker and, 168
Roosevelt’s private message to Pius XII and, 297
Hannemann, Henry, 555n14
Herzog, Isaac, 440, 575n24
Hess, Rudolf, 97
Hessen, Philipp von, 60
basic facts about, xxv, 58–59, 500n2, 500n4
friendship with Hitler, 59
nonaggression pact between Germany and Soviet Union, 93
as secret channel between Pius XII and Hitler, 58, 59–60, 61–63, 64–68, 90–93, 106–8, 109, 110, 111, 199–200, 500n1, 500n7, 511n13
Travaglini and, 200
High Commission for the Purging of the Public Administration, 437–39
Himmler, Heinrich
order for extermination of Jews in Rome, 359
peace attempts by, 448, 576n17
Pius XII’s sympathy for Germany, 496n12
visit to Rome by, 94
Hitler, Adolf, 119, 142, 386, 452
assassination attempt on, 95
Badoglio government and, 324–25
basic facts about, xxv, 120
concordat with Catholic Church, xxxvi, 5, 53, 498n4
death, 458–59
election of Pacelli as pope, 27, 493n1
Franco and, 179
friendship between Italy and Germany, 8, 490n11
friendship with von Hessen, 59
Italian military at Russian front and, 210
Italian military in North Africa and, 174
lack of popularity in Italy, 163–64
as “Motorized Attila,” 163
See also Mussolini, Benito and Hitler; Pius XII and Hitler
Hlond, August, 85, 137–38
HMS Illustrious, 177
Hochhuth, Rolf, 463
Howard, Douglas, 538n13
Hudal, Alois, 501n9
Hughes, Arthur, 575n24
Hull, Cordell, 291–92, 552n9
Huntziger, Charles, 155
Hurley, Joseph, 209
I
Il Messaggero, 403
Il Popolo d’Italia, 89, 229–230, 491n28
Il Popolo di Roma, 171
Il Progresso Italo-Americano, 276–77
Il Regime Fascista, 25, 26, 34–35, 82, 90, 96, 168–69, 171, 224, 230, 280, 374, 408, 541n3
Innitzer, Theodor, 490n9
Italia, 541n5
Italian East Africa, 197
Italian Jews
actions against, 39
anti-Jewish racial laws and, 7, 38–39, 54, 183–84, 186, 187, 229–30, 334–35, 378–79, 398, 525n7
basic facts about community in Rome, 360–61
escaping from Rome, 368–69
extermination of, 361–63
as foreigners in Italian Social Republic, 567n8
hidden in Catholic institutions, 399–403, 568n26, 569nn27–31
history of, in Papal States, 186–87
Naples and racial laws, 378
Nazi extermination of, 359–60, 420–22, 440
number of, 39, 359, 560n3
Italian Jews baptized as Catholics
Badoglio government and anti-Jewish racial laws, 334–35
Catholic Church pleas to save from roundups, 381, 383
hidden in Catholic institutions, 568n26
increase in, after anti-Jewish racial laws, 185, 495nn21–22
Mussolini and, 387
order to exempt, from roundups, 381
Pius XI and anti-Jewish racial laws and, 38–39, 184
Pius XII’s appeals on behalf of, 37–38, 54, 333–34, 499n7
Pius XII’s complaints about treatment of, 55–56
as “racially marked,” 185
rounded up, and deported from Rome, 366–67, 369–70, 371–72
Italian Social Republic
Allied bombing of Montecassino and, 406
deteriorating living conditions in, 418–20, 572n19
established, 352, 566n8
Fossoli, 420, 421
Mussolini as prisoner in own puppet government, 375–76, 395, 442, 563n9, 567n14
partisan attacks and German reprisals, 413–14, 417–18, 441
roundups of Jews and, 380–81, 565n25
territory of, 355
Vatican and, 559n18, 572n11
Italy
Albania invaded by, 41
Allied assaults on mainland, 342–43, 350, 397–98, 399, 404–6, 405, 409, 423, 435–36, 439–40, 441, 557n22
Allied invasion of Sicily, 286, 288, 293, 297–98, 303, 308, 551n37
announcement of armistice, 344
as “clerico-Fascist,” 479
as “soft underbelly” of Axis, 177
as defender of Christianity, 475
as drawing strength from Catholic Church, 224
bombed by Britain, 148, 156, 193–94
bombing of, 191, 247, 250, 270, 272–73, 281, 284, 286, 335, 399, 404–6, 405, 411, 412, 441, 546n17, 549n12, 571n6
