The Pope at War, page 83
“peace with justice,” 35, 147, 160
Pétain and, 162, 189
Pius XI contrasted to, 178
Pizzardo and, 36, 37, 499n6
pleas for mercy for those who voted against Mussolini at Fascist Grand Council, 566n4
pleas for Rome to be open city, 357
pleas to, to prevent Italy’s entrance into war, 136–37
pleas to spare Rome, 299
popularity of, 52–53, 161, 341, 498n3
position of Secretary of State after death of Maglione, 468–69
postwar actions toward Fascist priests, 465
praise for Axis, 208–9
prevention of Protestant proselytizing in Italy, 264
promotion of Axis and war, 181, 525n9
recognition of Italian Social Republic and, 378
relocation rumors about, 137
request that victors show “sentiments of clemency” to Italian collaborators, 425–26, 433
request to Britain that no “Allied coloured troops” be garrisoned in Rome, 398
rewriting of history concerning actions of, during war, 463–64, 578n10
rewriting of history concerning Concordat, 462–63
Ribbentrop and, 533n25
Roosevelt expected in Rome by, 430, 574n8
Roosevelt’s private message to, concerning damage to religious institutions, 298, 299
royal government and, 378
rumor of aiding overthrow of Mussolini, 349–50
rumor of eviction from Vatican City with German victory, 200–201
Sacred College of Cardinals address calling for “just and lasting peace” and “new world order,” 188–89
as savior of Rome, 426
secret emissary to U.S., 339–40
sexual abuse by priests and, 63, 501n9
silence about Nazi actions, 265–66
silence about reprisals for partisan attacks against military in Italy, 414
silence about situation in France, 160, 161
as “sincere friend of Germany,” 500n6
Sister Pascalina and, 201–2, 529n28
special mass for victims of war and support for war, 181–82
Spellman and, 168–69, 209
spies in Vatican and, 199
statement with Germans on German respect for Catholic Church during occupation, 376–77
strategy for dealing with Nazis, Mussolini and U.S., 34
Summi Pontificatus: “On the Unity of Human Society,” 89–90
support for war, 181–82, 192, 526n3
sympathy for Polish people, 280
Tardini and, 433, 435
Tardini’s options for, upon Axis defeat in Russia, 281–82
Taylor and, 211, 444–46
Tisserant and, 84, 151, 519n18
urged obedience to civil authorities, 167, 522n1
urged to denounce Communism, 207–8
Vatican as best hope for protection of Rome and, 327, 329
Vatican newspapers and, 164–65, 171
Victor Emmanuel III’s visit to, 98
visas for Nazis and, 447
visit to Quirinal Palace, 99–100, 509n11
war news in Vatican newspaper and, 148–49
Weizsäcker and, 446, 576n10
Pius XII and Hitler
assassination attempt on Hitler and, 95
excommunication and, 137
Hitler on Pius XII’s condemnation Nazi actions in Poland, 85
papal concern about weakened Church influence in lands conquered by, 163
papal fear of Hitler moving against Catholic Church, 212–13, 532n23
papal safety during German occupation of Rome, 350
pope as peacemaker and, 43–45, 158, 496n5, 496n8
restoration of harmonious relations between Catholic Church and Germany, 27, 493n3
secret negotiations between, 58, 59–60, 61–63, 64–68, 90–93, 106–11, 112–17, 199–200, 500n1, 500n7, 511n3, 511n13, 511n19, 512n6
Pius XII and Jews
appeals on behalf of Italian baptized Jews, 37–38, 54, 333–34, 499n7
appeals to, to help Jews in Italy, 440
appeals to, to help Jews in Rome, 363–65, 367–68, 369, 370, 371–72, 560n11, 561n21
changes to anti-Jewish racial laws favoring Italian baptized Jews and, 334
German raids on Catholic institutions in Rome hiding Jews, 401–2, 403, 569n30
name day speech after Germany’s surrender, 460, 477n32
reports about extermination of Jews, 214–16, 224–26, 228–29, 231, 239–43, 255–57, 261, 276, 367–68, 536n25, 541n36, 544n15
silence about Nazi atrocities, 213–14, 231–33, 257–58, 260–61, 276–77, 370–72, 380, 382–87, 480, 538nn12–14, 542n5, 544n6, 544n13, 544n16, 548n9, 565nn34–36
silence about Nazi policies criticized, 476–77, 478–79
silence about Nazi policies rationalized, 472–73, 475–76, 478
use of American United Jewish Appeal relief funds for non-Jews, 185–86
view of Jews, 39–40
Pius XII and Mussolini
anti-fascist elements in Catholic Action, 172
Catholic Action reorganization, 37, 499n6
Christmas (1942) radio broadcast, 260
excommunication and, 137
Fascist newspapers’ attacks on church figures, 171, 172–73
Mussolini on Pastor Angelicus, 258
Mussolini’s requests of Pius XII at beginning of papacy, 37
overthrow of Mussolini, 287
papal blessing, 96
papal failure to publicly condemn Communism, 212–13
papal message about Belgium and, 132
papal message upon Axis defeat in Russia, 282–83
Pius XII’s last minute efforts for peace, 76
on Pius XII’s praise of Fascist regime, 89
Pius XII’s increase in popularity and, 45–47, 46, 497n10
Pope strategy vis-à-vis, 34
relations between Vatican and Italy, 47–48, 479
rumor of papal eviction from Vatican City with German victory, 201
U.S. entrance into war and, 218–19, 534n4
Vatican newspaper and, 141–42, 164–65, 517n8
Vatican’s desire for peace, 130, 513n2
visa for Mussolini, 447–50, 577n21
war and ending of friction between, 156–57, 521n6
Pius XII and Poland
blessing requested, 83
Pact of Steel and, 49
peacemaking efforts, 76–77, 496n9, 502n15, 503nn18–20
silence about Nazi actions in, 80, 83–85, 88–89, 95, 180, 216, 265–66, 505n16, 505n18, 507n10, 524n8
Pizzardo, Giuseppe, 36, 37, 494n13
Poland
Catholic Church in, 95, 180, 257
Danzig and Nazi Germany, 49, 72, 498n2
extermination camps in, 560n2
German attacks on, 79–80
German occupation of, 88, 507n10
German swiftness of march through, 82
Mussolini on Hitler’s invasion of, 94
Nazi extermination of Jews in, 37–38, 80, 95, 239–40, 242, 256, 539nn23–24
Pius XII’s efforts as peacemaker and, 76–77, 496n9, 502n15, 503nn18–20
Soviet Union in, 84, 180, 281
Vatican Radio on Soviets in, 180
Vatican relief supplies to, 95
See also Pius XII and Poland
Pope, Generoso, 276–77, 548n8
“Pope’s Jews,” 360
Popolo di Roma, 171
Popolo d’Italia, 229–30
postwar rewriting of history, 461–62
Preysing, Konrad von, 512n6
Prinzing, Albert, 358
Pucci, Enrico, 567n14
R
Rahn, Rudolf, 361, 442, 446
Rarkowski, Franz Justus, 79, 504n1
Ratti, Achille. See Pius XI
Regime Fascista, 169, 171
Ribbentrop, Joachim von
agreement between Reich and Vatican and, 64
basic facts about, xxv, 112
German occupation of Rome and safety of Pius XII, 558n15
meeting between Mussolini and Hitler (1940), 122
meeting with Mussolini, 117–18
Mussolini’s cabinet overhaul and, 545n8
nonaggression pact with Soviet Union, 71
overthrow of Mussolini and, 319–20
Pact of Steel, 49, 50
Pius XII’s heart as “always in Germany,” 533n25
reports of German mistreatment of Pius XII and, 353–54, 558n15
role of Pius XII as peacemaker and, 45
rumor of papal eviction from Vatican City with German victory, 200
secret negotiations between Pius XII and Hitler and, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113–17, 511n3, 511n19, 512n6
Weizsäcker and, 294, 551n3
Riezler, Kurt, 476
Rivista del Clero Italiano, 159
Romania, 177, 256–57
Rome
Allied assault on, 423, 424, 425
Allied pleas to strike against Germans in, 398
announcement of armistice, 344
basic facts about Jewish community in, 360–61
bombing of, 252–53, 291, 306, 335, 404, 409–10, 411, 412–13, 542nn13–14, 550n31, 556n13, 571n8
Churchill’s visit to, 432, 433–35
conditions in, under Allied occupation, 443–44, 575n7
conditions in, under German occupation, 399, 418–20, 572n19
first Allied bombing of, 304–8, 552nn8–9
German commitment to protect, 423
German demands for gold from Jews in, 361, 560n6
German occupation of, 337, 351, 376–87, 563n11
German raids on Catholic institutions hiding Jews, 399–403, 568n26, 569nn27–31
German retreat from, 425, 561n21
German roundup and deportation of Jews in, 361–68, 370–72, 379–80, 381, 382–87, 398, 420, 480, 561n21, 561n26, 564nn22–23, 565nn34–36
German roundup of youth from Catholic institutions, 423–24
Himmler’s visit to, 94
Jews’ escaping from, 368–69
Maglione and bombing of, 518n7, 521n5
map of central (1939), xii–xiii
Mussolini and removal of Italian military from, 252, 542n14
open city status, 326–29, 335–37, 357, 429, 556n13
Operation Avalanche and, 342–43, 557n22
order for Jews in, to be exterminated, 359
Pius XII and German occupation of, 474–75
Pius XII and Jews in, 363–65, 369, 370, 371–72, 561n21
Pius XII as savior of, 426
Pius XII’s pleas to spare, from fighting, 156, 252, 299, 404, 518n7, 521n5
Roosevelt and bombing of, 252, 550n31
Roosevelt’s private message to Pius XII and, 298
under Stahel, 353
Vatican appeals for baptized Jews in, 369–70
Vatican as best hope for protection of, 326–27
Rommel, Erwin, 197, 247–48
Roncalli, Angelo
as John XXIII, 274, 470–71
Mafalda of Savoy and, 454
on Pius XII’s silence about extermination of Jews, 214
plea for Pius XII to intervene for remaining Jewish children in Slovakia, 274, 275
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
as apologizing for Communism, 212
Atlantic Charter, 211
Badoglio government and, 318, 341–42, 344
bombing of Rome and, 252, 413, 550n31
death, 454
Italian newspaper reports of Jewish ancestry of, 194
Jewish state in East North Africa and, 10–11, 490n18
Mussolini and, 130–31, 203–4, 288
need for Catholic support for U.S. in war, 211
new government for Italy and, 285
Operation Avalanche and, 343, 557n22
Pius XII and, 239, 296–99, 340
