The Pope at War, page 80
bombing of, as fault of Vatican, 248–49, 541n3
Catholic Church and obedience owed by Italian Catholics to state, 149–50
Catholic influence in, 479
Catholic prelates’ calls for support of war, 153, 253, 520nn22–23
Christians as Aryan and Jews as evil non-Aryan, 184, 185
Ciano’s planning for exit of, from war, 264
citizens’ feelings toward Germans, 12
Communists and factory strikes, 292
declaration of war, 144, 145–46
end of war in, 454–55
ennoblement of Pius XII’s kin, 218–19, 534n4
eroding conditions and support for war in, 266
expectation of Axis victory, 527n9
Fascism’s holy trinity in, 279, 548n1
Fascist anthem, 30
Fascist Party dissolved, 554n14
fear fall of Mussolini would lead to Nazi régime, 199
food shortages, 281
foreign reaction to entrance in war of, 146, 518nn4–5
German aid in defense of, and public opinion, 194
German invasion of, 350–52
German victories and, 139
government censorship and surveillance of citizens, 198, 199
Hitler’s lack of popularity in, 163–64
improvement in relations with Vatican, 47–48, 99–100, 101–2, 509nn11–12, 510n14
Latin America and, 532n4
losses in North Africa, 284
military as laughing stock, 187, 191, 524n3
military at Russian front, 205, 206–7, 210
military in Balkans, 197–98
military in East Africa, 197
military in France, 154–55
military in Greece, 174–75, 175, 176–77
military in North Africa, 174, 177, 187, 197, 524n3
military in Soviet Union, 251
military preparedness of, 41, 69, 73, 81
mixing of papal and Fascist symbolism in, 97–98
newspaper article on Catholicism as incompatible with, 542n5
newspaper attacks on clergy, 171, 172–73
newspaper attacks on Spellman, 169
non-Italian Jews in concentration camps, 237
Pact of Steel, 49–50, 50
Pius XII’s praise of Mussolini’s regime, 89
pope’s position in, 34
popularity of war in, 75, 86, 101, 103, 120, 187–88, 193, 502n14, 506n2
possibility of separate peace, 270–71, 547n17, 547n22
postwar change to democratic government, 467
postwar rewriting of history in, 461–66, 480
power of monarchy in, 513n14
POWS in, 319, 554n5
press and first bombing of Rome, 307–8
press applauding Pius XII’s call for obedience to civil authorities (modus vivendi speech), 522n1
public opinion about entrance into World War II, 124, 130, 135–37, 497n9, 515n17, 561n18
public opinion about U.S. entrance into war, 217–18
public reaction to removal of Mussolini, 314
rationing in, 187, 192
relations with Vatican, 293, 529n33, 551n36
Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s attitudes toward, 550n32
Roosevelt’s message to overthrow Mussolini, 288
Soviet victory on Russian Front and, 281
U.S. public opinion about, 239
under Allied occupation, 434, 444
war as Christian crusade, 207, 530n7
See also Badoglio, Pietro, government of; entries beginning with Mussolini; Fascist Italy; Italian Jews; Italian Jews baptized as Catholics; Italian Social Republic; Mussolini, Benito; Rome
Italy, royal government
anti-Jewish racial laws and, 378–79, 398
armistice agreement, 378–79
as co-belligerent rather than defeated enemy, 432–33
occupation and takeover of, by German military and, 325–26, 331
removal of Fascists from government and, 437–39, 574nn18–19, 574n22
representation at Vatican, 377–78, 563nn15–16
territory of, after German invasion, 355
J
Japan, 239
Jemolo, Arturo, 462
Jews
attempts to be baptized, 533n24
in Austria, 538n14
Catholic Church as encouraging feelings against, in U.S., 510n9
Catholic Church demonization of, 39–40, 195, 230, 384, 463–64, 473
deportation of, in conquered Italian-controlled areas, 278, 548n11
“Final Solution of the Jewish Question” at Wannsee Conference, 359
in France, 187, 213–14, 230–32
in Germany, 538n14
identified by Catholic Church as non-Aryans, 185
Nazi extermination of, 80, 95, 214–16, 224–26, 231, 239–40, 242, 256, 359, 536n25, 539nn23–24, 542n36, 559n2
non-Italian, confined in camps, 184–85
non-Italian, expelled from Italy, 39
in Palestine, 274–76, 547n4
in Papal States, 39
Pius XII and non-Italian baptized, 226, 537n26
in Poland, 37–38, 80, 95, 239–40, 242, 256, 539nn23–24
Roosevelt as having, ancestry, 194
in Slovakia, 257, 274–75
in Ukraine, 237
Vatican proof of Nazi atrocities against, 271
See also Italian Jews; Italian Jews baptized as Catholics; Pius XII and Jews
K
Kappler, Herbert, 359, 361
Kennedy, Joseph, 29
Kershaw, Ian, 5
Kesselring, Albert, 353, 555n1
Kingdom of the South. See Italy, royal government
Koch, Pietro, 401, 442, 569n29
L
La Civiltà Cattolica, 39, 159, 386
La Croix, 187
LaFarge, John, 14
Laskey, Denis, 546n17
Lateran Accords (1929), 9, 89, 101–2, 173, 269, 400, 434, 467, 578n14
Latin America, 532n4
Lauri, Lorenzo
basic facts about, 61
secret negotiations between Hitler and Pius XII, 62, 64, 65, 66, 107, 108, 109, 110
Travaglini and, 529n23
von Hessen and, 199–200
Lavitrano, Luigi, 254
Ledóchowski, Wlodimir, 14, 492n2
Lehnert, Pascalina
conditions in Pius XII’s chambers under German occupation and, 399
election of Pacelli as pope, 25
Elisabetta Pacelli and, 493n13
as Pius XII’s confidant, 201–2, 529n28
Pius XII’s meal after coronation ceremony, 30
power of, 202
relationship with Pacelli, 23, 24
Le Pera, Antonio, 229
Liccardi, Camillo, 569n31
Logan, Oliver, 476
Lombard Seminary, Rome, 568n26
M
Mackensen, Hans Georg von, 74, 129, 532n23
Macmillan, Harold, 341–42, 355–56, 374
Mafalda of Savoy, 60, 348
basic facts about, xxvi, 58, 59
seized by Nazis and sent to Buchenwald, 347–48, 453–54
Maglione, Luigi, 28, 73, 223, 430
American notice of Italians’ choice of invasion or ending war and, 287
appeals for Roman baptized Jews, 370
appointed secretary of state, 29, 494n4
Atlantic Charter discussion between Pius XII and Taylor and, 211
Bartolomasi and resistance to Allies and, 550n28
basic facts about, xx, 28–29, 121
Bastianini and negotiations with British and, 299, 300
bombing of Montecassino and, 405–6
bombing of Rome and, 404, 556n13, 571n3, 571n8
bombing of Vatican City and, 374–75
calls for obedience to Badoglio government and, 554n14
Catholic institutions hiding those fleeing Nazis and, 404
changes to anti-Jewish racial laws favoring Italian baptized Jews, 334
Communism as greatest enemy of Catholic Church, 546n14
concern for fate of Mussolini and family, 320
cooperation with Germans occupying Rome, 353–54
Dalla Torre and, 506n7
death, 433
death of Attolico and, 222
Fascist actions in Vatican newspaper and, 515n13
fear of Nazi postwar plans for Catholic Church, 255, 543n3
German raid on Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls and, 401–2, 569n28, 569n30
German soldiers seeking refuge in Vatican and, 555n15
on Germany winning World War II, 355, 514n10
Guariglia and, 223, 321, 331
on having proof of Nazi atrocities against Jews, 271
importance of, 321
Italian Jews on work details and, 229
on Italian military debacle in North Africa, 524n3
Italian soldiers seeking refuge in Vatican and, 555n14
Jews rounded up and detained in Rome, 364–65
Latin American neutrality and, 532n4
message from Pius XII to Mussolini upon Axis defeat in Russia and, 283
on Mussolini’s firing of pro-Nazi, anti-church members of government, 95
Nazi actions against Catholic Church and, 209
Nazi roundups of Jews and, 385, 565nn35–36
new government for Italy and, 285–86
newspaper article on Catholicism as incompatible with Fascism and, 542n5
occupation of Italy by German military and, 326, 331
official Italian representative to Vatican and, 567n10
Orsenigo and, 518n6
Pius XII and non-Italian baptized Jews, 537n26
Pius XII as peacemaker, 45, 76–77, 158, 271, 503n20
Pius XII’s blessing of Poland and, 83
Pius XII’s pleas to prevent bombing of Rome and, 518n7, 521n5
Pius XII’s silence about Nazi atrocities against Jews and, 277, 548n9
on Pius XII’s silence regarding Nazi actions in Poland, 80
on pleas to save baptized Jews, 381
on problems caused if Pius XII denounced Soviet Union, 208
on proposed excommunication of Mussolini, 515n17
relationship with Babuscio, 293
relationship with Pius XII, 71, 84, 433, 435, 545n4
removal of Italian military from Rome demanded by, 252, 542n13
reports about extermination of Jews and, 231, 536n25
requisition of church bells for war effort and, 196–97, 528n17
resolution to return military control and constitutional powers to Victor Emmanuel III and, 553n16
Rome as open city and, 424–25
Roosevelt’s private message to Pius XII and, 298
royal government and, 378
rumor of papal eviction from Vatican City with German victory, 200
secret emissary to U.S. and, 339
secret negotiations between Pius XII and Hitler, 116–17
separate peace for Italy and, 271
Tardini’s advice on Pius XII as peacemaker after fall of Mussolini and, 316
Vatican as best hope for protection of Rome and, 326, 327
Vatican recognition of Italian Social Republic and, 564n17
votes for, for papacy, 21
war news in Vatican newspaper and, 149
Malvezzi, Giovanni, 237–38, 539nn23–24
Manifesto of Verona, 566n8
Manzini, Raimondo, 174
Maria José of Belgium, 234
basic facts about, xxvi–xxvii, 233–34, 234
conspiracy to overthrow Mussolini and, 233, 235, 340n30
