The Pope at War, page 75
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Franklin Gowen, Vatican City, to U.S. secretary of state, January 8, 1946, NARA, RG 59, CDF 1945–49, 866A.001/1-847, box 6971; Diana to Ministero degli Affari Esteri, February 20, 1947, tel. 407/189, ASDMAE, Gab., b. 104.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Tittmann to U.S. secretary of state, July 25, 1945, NARA, RG 59, CDF 1945–49, 8661.00, box 6971, pp. 12–13.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Report of January 27, 1948, AUSSME, SIM, Div. 12, b. 364, f. 332588-9.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Parsons, Memorandum of conversation with Jacques Maritain, March 18, 1948, NARA, RG 59, Entry A1, 1068, box 19.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Gowen to U.S. secretary of state, October 7, 1948, NARA, RG 59, CDF 1945–49, 8661.00, box 6971.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
The 1948 memo addressed to Georges Bidault in Paris is reproduced in Maritain 1982, pp. 91–96.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Marcus Cheke, British Legation to the Holy See, to Selwyn Lloyd, Foreign Office, London, October 9, 1958, NAK, FO 371, 136800.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Final Thoughts: the silence of the pope
Blet 1999, p. 285. The original French edition of Blet’s book appeared in 1997.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Munson 2018, p. 4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Chassard 2015, p. 171.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Logan 1998, pp. 237–45.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Reizler is quoted in Captain William Puleston’s report to Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, February 25, 1940, FDR Library, md 396, pp. 196–97.
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Ormesson final report, October 28, 1940, MAEC, Guerre Vichy, 550.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
The ellipses are in the original. The documentation cited here is found at ASRS, AA.EE.SS., Pio XII, parte I, Germania, posiz. 858, ff. 117r–25r, 186rv. The Swiss article was by Dr. Nerla E. Gun, “Crime et châtiment,” Gazette de Lausanne, October 17, 1945, clipping at f. 119r. As for the biblical phrase, it appears in the Hebrew Bible in Ezekiel 12:2 and in the New Testament in Mark 8:18.
Following Germany’s defeat, although a request was made by the Allies to have Monsignor Orsenigo immediately removed from his post in Germany, the pope would not replace him. G. Sensi (via Monsignor Bernardini) to Tardini, July 17, 1945, ASRS, AA.EE.SS., Pio XII, parte Extracta, Germania, posiz. 600, f. 56.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Deák 2008.
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On the concept of clerical fascism as applied to Italy, see Pollard 2007 and Valbousquet 2018.
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Antonucci and Procaccia 2017, p. 21; Klinkhammer 2016, pp. 58–59.
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Note: All references to archival sources as well as to contemporaneous newspapers and magazines are cited in full in the endnotes.
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