The Pope at War, page 81
Montini and, 235–36, 538n18
opposition to Nazis, 234–35
Pius XII as go-between with Taylor and, 235
Maritain, Jacques, 469–70
Marras, Luigi Efisio, 324–25
Mazzolini, Serafino, 509n11
McCormick, Vincent, 260, 266, 308, 332–33, 573n2
Mengele, Josef, 368
Menshausen, Fritz, 18, 101
Metaxas, Ioannis, 174, 524n13
Micara, Luigi, 551n36
Miele, Claudia, 371–72
Miele, Marina, 371–72
Miele, Nella Pontecorvo, 371–72
“The Mission of the Ruling Classes” (Pius XII), 264, 545n3
Moellhausen, Eitel Friedrich, 559n20
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 71
Montecassino, monastery of, 405, 405–6
Montezemolo, Giuseppe Cordero Lanza di, 438
Montgomery, Bernard, 247, 297–98
Montini, Giovanni Battista, 73
appointed archbishop of Milan, 470
Badoglio request for help and, 349
baptized Jews detained in Rome and, 366–67
basic facts about, xx, 71, 72, 502n8
on burning of L’Osservatore Romano, 514n5
calls for obedience to Badoglio government and, 554n14
Catholic institutions hiding those fleeing Nazis and, 579n31
Dalla Torre and, 506n7
denunciation of The Deputy, 463
Federzoni and, 549n18
German money to compensate for damage to Vatican, 353
German occupation of Rome and safety of Pius XII, 349–50
Grandi and, 554n9
on Italy staying out of war, 506n4
Jews detained in Rome and, 365–66
Mafalda of Savoy and, 454
Maria José and, 235–36, 538n18
Mussolini puppet government and, 559n18
as Paul VI, 471
on Pius XII’s awareness of situation in France, 160
Pius XII’s condemnation of Nazi actions in Poland and, 505n18
Pius XII’s work habits, 496n16
relationship with Pius XII, 84, 235, 349, 433, 435, 469, 545n4
resolution to return military control and constitutional powers to Victor Emmanuel III and, 311
rewriting of history concerning actions of Pius XII during war, 463
Segrè family and, 421–22
Vatican newspaper and, 148–49, 164–65, 515n13
warnings about German raids on Catholic institutions hiding Jews, 569n31
Moro, Aldo, 527n11
Moro, Renato, 523n1
Murphy, Robert, 341–42, 355–56, 428
Mussolini, Benito, 105, 268, 302, 386, 455
annexation of Austria by Germany and, 6–7
arrested and confined, 312, 330, 338, 553n20
Atlantic Charter discussion between Pius XII and Taylor and, 212
basic facts about, xxi–xxii, 8–9, 12, 104
Bastianini’s negotiations with British and, 552n13
belief in conspiracy against, 192–93
bombing of Italy as fault of Vatican, 248–49, 541n3
bombing of Rome, 306–7
cabinet overhaul, 267, 268, 546n16
Catholic Action and, 36, 37
Ciano’s death and, 394
complaints about Catholic support for, 221, 535n10
distaste for Catholic clergy and doctrine, 220–21
election of Pacelli as pope, 25
excommunication of, proposed, 136, 137, 515n17
on Fascism’s holy trinity, 279
final days, 455–57
on German-Soviet nonaggression pact, 74, 86–87
Gonella’s arrest and, 82–83
health, 258–59, 278, 279
Italians’ fear fall of, would lead to Nazi régime, 199
Lateran Accords, 9, 173
love life of, 11, 12
Maglione and, 29, 494n4
meeting with Ribbentrop, 117–18
mental health of, 251, 258, 263, 395, 442–43
Operation Husky as surprise to, 303
opposed to peace talks, 283
overthrow of, 233, 287–89, 317, 540n30
overview, 349–50
“peace with justice,” 146, 147
Clara Petacci as lover of, 69–70, 75, 78, 146, 202, 251, 258, 301, 302, 375, 415–16, 417
Clara Petacci as political advisor to, 268, 302, 311, 312, 394, 416
Pétain and, 179
Pius XI and, 4, 6, 15, 16–17
popularity of, 49
prelates’ support for, 221, 535nn12–13
pro-Nazi, anti-church members of government fired by, 95
public reaction to removal of, 314
puppet government of(see Italian Social Republic)
religiosity of, 9
replaced by Badoglio, 311, 312
Rome to be open city, 424
Roosevelt and, 203–4
Roosevelt’s private message to Pius XII and, 298
self-esteem of, 12
Spellman and, 523n5
on swiftness of German march through Poland, 82
Tacchi Venturi and, 36–47
U.S. Catholic bishops’ declaration supporting Roosevelt and, 221
Vatican relations with Germany and, 496n12
Welles, first visit with, 103–4
“Wolf’s Lair,” 210
See also Pius XII and Mussolini
Mussolini, Benito and Hitler
birthday gift from Führer, 330
Ciano’s death and, 389–90, 566n4
Duce as highly regarded by Führer, 7, 8
Duce freed by German military and, 352
first meeting after Italian Social Republic established, 416–17
Führer’s concern for Mussolini under arrest, 325
Hitler and Mussolini’s overthrow, 319–20
Hitler not needing Italian military support, 81, 204n6
Hitler’s concordat with Catholic Church and, 5, 498n4
Hitler’s invasion of Poland, 94
Hitler’s visit to Italy and, xxxiii–xxxv
Italian Social Republic puppet government and, 352
meeting between (1940), 121–23, 122
meeting between (1941), 209–10, 532n15
meetings between (1943), 278, 303–4
Mussolini as go-between between Catholic Church and Hitler, 6
Mussolini as highly regarded by Hitler, 5–6, 44
Mussolini on invasion of Poland by, 94
Mussolini pressured by, to enter war, 117–18
Mussolini’s efforts to avoid war and, 74–75, 502n13
Mussolini’s invasion of Greece and, 174–75, 175, 176–77
Mussolini’s responses to appeals for peace and, 514n4
praise for Mussolini and beauty of Italy, 44
pressure to enter war from Führer, 117–18
Mussolini, Benito and Jewish Italians
anti-Jewish racial laws, 7, 38–39, 183–84, 186, 187, 229–30, 334–35, 378–79, 398, 525n7
Jews baptized as Catholics and, 37–38
Pius XI’s opposition to anti-Jewish racial laws, 38–39, 184
on possible Jewish state in East Africa, 11, 490n18
work details, 229
Mussolini, Benito and World War II
appeals for peace, 130–31, 513n4
Badoglio dismissed, 187
on Catholic Church’s support for war and, 167–68
Churchill’s appeal for overthrow of Mussolini, 188
on cowardice of Italians, 124–25
declaration of war and, 145–46
demands on France, 43
eagerness to join Germany in invasion of Britain, 161–62
efforts to avoid, 74–75, 502n13
German victories and, 139
on Germany’s going to war, 70, 501n5
Hitler not needing Italian military support, 81, 204n6
inevitability of, 50, 498n18
invasion of Greece and, 174–75, 175, 176–77, 180, 187–88, 524n7
Italian military in North Africa, 174
Italy’s entrance into, 124, 130, 142–43, 517n10, 518n11
Italy’s preparedness, 41, 81
Operation Barbarossa, 205–7
pressured by Hitler to enter, 117–18
removal of Italian military from Rome agreed to by, 252, 542n14
requisition of church bells for war effort, 196–97, 528n17
support of Catholic Church for, 541n5
U.S. entrance into, and, 207, 218–19, 534n4
Mussolini, Edda, 391
basic facts about, xxiv
Ciano’s arrest and, 388, 390–91
Ciano’s death and, 394, 397, 568n18
dismissal of Ciano as minister of foreign affairs and, 267, 545n8
escape to Germany, 388–89
escape to Switzerland, 390–91
Pacelli and, 301
Pancino and, 395–96, 568n18
Petacci, Clara and, 301
Mussolini, Rachele
Badoglio government and, 338
basic facts about, xxiv, 11–12
behavior of, 202
Ciano and, 202–3
Italy’s lack of enthusiasm for fighting for Germany, 86
Petacci and, 415
on trusting Victor Emmanuel III, 311
Mussolini, Vittorio, 448, 449
N
Nasalli Rocca, Giovanni, 149, 195, 253
Nenni, Pietro, 350
North Africa
British conquest of Ethiopia from Italians, 197
complete Axis loss of, 284
Germans in, 197, 231, 247–48, 265
Italian military in, 177, 187, 197, 524n3
Mussolini and, 174, 177
O
O’Connell, William, 20, 169
Operation Avalanche, 342–43, 557n22
Operation Husky
Allies in Sicily, 297–98, 303, 308
fall of Pantelleria, 288
landing in France expected, 551n37
planning of, 286, 293
as surprise to Hitler, 303
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 285
Orsenigo, Cesare, 119
basic facts about, xx
complaints about, 537n6
deportation of Jews from Germany and Austria and, 538n14
ingratiating self with Nazis, 576n10
Nazis help with Communist threat, 355
Pius XII as peacemaker and, 43–44, 45
postwar, 465, 477, 579n7
as pro-Hitler, 497n11
reaction to Italy’s entrance into war, 146
reports about extermination of Jews sent to Vatican and Pius XII and, 228–29
Vatican and, 518n6
Orthodox Church (Greek), 524n13
Osborne, Francis D’Arcy, 272
on Allies’ belief Italians should choose own future, 432
antisemitism of, 51–52
basic facts about, 51
bombing of Italy and, 546n17
bombing of Rome and, 253, 409–10
bombing of Vatican City and, 562n3
censorship of Vatican Radio and, 199
on Communism as greatest enemy of Catholic Church, 546n14
Dalla Torre and, 522n28
on Galeazzi, 557n17
on Pastor Angelicus, 258
on Pius XII and moral prestige of papacy and Catholic Church, 220, 236–37
