The Princes in the Tower, page 56
210 Rot. Parl., vi, p. 410.
211 CPR 1485–94, p. 285.
212 Buc, p. cxxvii.
213 CPR 1469–77, pp. 261, 312.
214 Crowland, p. 197. At York, Henry was ‘nearly trapped by the cunning of the enemy’.
215 York Books, Vol. 2, p. 573 (17 June 1487), Lovell ‘discomfetid and fled’; Heralds’ Memoir, p. 118, Lovell ‘put to flight’.
216 York Books, Vol. 2, p. 460.
217 Gairdner, Letters &Papers Henry VII, Vol. 2, p. 370.
218 Sheilah O’Connor, ‘Francis Lovel and the Rebels of Furness Fells’, Ricardian, Vol. 7, No. 96, March 1987, pp. 366–70 (p. 368 n. 23); J.B. Paul (ed.), Register of the Great Seal of Scotland (1882), Vol. 1424–1490, p. 370, item 1738: NAS02024 C2-12-00004.
219 Thanks to Marie Barnfield and Sharon Lock; Paul, Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, Vol. 1424–1490, p. 381, item 1796; O’Connor, in ‘Francis Lovel and the Rebels of Furness Fells’, records this inadvertently as December (p. 368 n. 26).
220 Thomas Dickson (ed.), Scotland, Chronicle and Memorials: Account of the Lord High Treasurer (1877), Vol. 1, 1473–1498, p. 99. Thanks to Marie Barnfield and Sharon Lock.
221 Dickson, op. cit., p. 130. Thanks to Marie Barnfield and Sharon Lock.
222 CPR 1485–94, pp. 304, [298], 305, 307, 351.
223 O’Connor, op. cit., pp. 368–69 n. 27; Angelo Raine (ed.), York Civic Records (1941), Vol. 2, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Records Series, Vol. 103, p. 75.
224 O’Connor, op. cit., p. 369 n. 29; IPM Henry VII (1898), Vol. 1, p. 345, No. 803. Henry VII 8 (1493). From inquiry into the holdings of a John Samuell, which O’Connor records as 1492.
225 Thanks to Sharon Lock, investigations with Magdalen College (4.7.18).
226 Notes and Queries (1878), 5th Series, Vol. 10, pp. 28–29, Gairdner entry citing IPM Henry VIII 26, No. 110, Francis Lovell.
227 David Baldwin, ‘What Happened to Lord Lovel?’, Ricardian, Vol. 7, No. 89, June 1985, pp. 56–65 (p. 58 n. 15), Notes and Queries (1878), n. 226.
228 For the skeleton at Minster Lovell, see Baldwin, ‘What Happened?’, pp. 60–44.
229 CPR 1485–94, p. 64.
230 Henry visited Minster Lovell from Woodstock, see D.A. Luckett, ‘The Thames Valley Conspiracies against Henry VII’, Historical Research, Vol. 68, p. 171, citing E101/413/13 or BL, Add. MS 7099 f.14. Thanks to Marie Barnfield and Sharon Lock. Jasper Tudor was likely then in residence.
231 O’Connor, op. cit., pp. 366–70 (p. 369 n. 29); Rot. Parl., vi, p. 503.
232 historytheinterestingbits.com/2019/11/16/guest-post-anne-fitzhugh-lovell-by-michele-schindler/
233 Thanks to Bill Hare, Bedale, June 2021: Hare, ‘Bedale and the Wars of the Roses: Viscount Francis Lord Lovell, Lord of Bedale, Last Stand’, p. 19.
234 Baldwin, op. cit., p. 57; Vergil-2, p. 25.
235 TMPP Genealogical Report, thanks to Kate Smith.
236 Gregory Stevens Cox, Guernsey’s Medieval Castles (2012), pp. 8–10, 13, 18, 21–22.
237 Ballad of Bosworth Fielde, line 260. Also Hutton, Battle of Bosworth Field (1788, 1999), p. 127. Nicholas Ridley may have also fought at the battle.
238 CPR 1485–94, p. 144. Easter 1486: Thomas de Saint Martyn was appointed Gentleman Usher of King Henry’s Chamber with an annuity of £12. See also note 185.
239 Michael K. Jones, ‘Sir William Stanley of Holt: Politics and Family Allegiance in the Late Fifteenth Century’, Welsh Historical Review (1988), pp. 1–22. For the Battle of Hexham 1464, see James Tait, DNB.
240 Coronation, p. 399
241 Jones, ‘Stanley’, pp. 5–6.
242 Jean M. Gidman, ‘The wives and children of Sir William Stanley of Holt’, Ricardian, Vol. 9, No. 116, March 1992, pp. 206–10 (family tree on p. 207). N.B. The Leycester line is in error; Tait, DNB. See also Jones, ‘Stanley’, p. 20.
243 Coronation, pp. 271, 399.
244 M.J. Bennett, ODNB.
245 A.J. Hibbard, An Account of Richard … & Order of the Garter, pp. 21, 38. Richard, Duke of York, received his Garter stall in 1475 (at 1 year and 8 months old) (p. 18). Edward V’s Garter stall was not filled until Sunday, 8 May 1491, when it was allocated to Prince Arthur (at 4 years, 7½ months old), even though stalls had become vacant earlier. Edward had received his stall in 1471, aged about 6 months (p. 16). George Frederick Beltz, Memorials of the Order of the Garter (1841), p. clxvii (No. 233: Henry VII), assigns Sir William to the order before 27 May 1487. No reason is given for this end-date, other than assumption that Richard, Duke of York, was killed in 1483.
246 Baldwin, Stoke Field, Appendix I: ‘The Rebels of 1487’, pp. 123–25.
247 Bennett, pp. 98–99.
248 Bennett, ODNB.
249 Bennett, ODNB; T.B. Howell, Complete Collection of State Trials for High Treason and Other Crimes etc. (1816), Vol. 1 (1163–1600), ‘The Trial of Sir William Stanley, knight, for High Treason: 10 Hen. VII. AD 1494–5 [Hall and Lord Bacon]’, pp. 277–84; Vergil-2, p. 75. For date, see W.A.J. Archbold, ‘Sir William Stanley and Perkin Warbeck’, EHR (1899), Vol. 14, pp. 529–34 (p. 530). Latin trans. thanks to Dr Shelagh Sneddon (2.12.22).
250 Wroe, p. 137.
251 Archbold, op. cit., pp. 530–31 (trans. Sneddon).
252 Wroe, p. 181.
253 Tait, DNB.
254 Vergil-1, p. 54.
255 Tait, DNB.
256 TNA, C/54/376/001–2 (translation thanks to Dr Shelagh Sneddon). Also T. Thornton, Cheshire and the Tudor State 1480–1560 (2000), p. 177. The Bonds and Recognizances research for TMPP and Sir William’s ‘rebellion’ from CPR 1494–1509, p. 16 (17 March 1495), with thanks to Dr Judith Ford.
257 As Constable, Thomas Stanley would have presided over treason trials but is not named (at Westminster). Buckingham is named, with Dorset next and others: Archbold, op. cit., pp. 530–31. For Thomas Stanley presiding over the treason trial on 20 February (at Westminster) for Sir Humphrey Savage and others, see Archbold, p. 532.
258 Wroe, p. 181, at Syon House.
259 Jones, ‘Stanley’, p. 21 n. 91. Also, Tait, DNB.
260 Jones, ‘Stanley’, p. 20 nn. 86, 88.
261 Vergil-2, p. 75, for later mitigation of the narrative surrounding Sir William’s treason.
262 It is unknown whether William Jnr was by Sir William’s first or second wife: Gidman, op. cit.; ‘Research Notes and Queries’, Vol. 10, No. 124, pp. 21–22. Sir William Jnr married Joan Massey of Tatton, see note 242, family tree. Also see Tait, DNB.
263 Jones, ‘Stanley’, pp. 20–21 nn. 88, 93.
264 Jan Mulrenan, ‘Thomas Stanley, a bastard’s tale’, Bulletin (December 2018), p. 50 n. 17, from British History Online: J.S. Brewer, Letters and Papers Henry VIII (1864), Vol. 2, pp. 1156–1172.
265 Michael J. Bennett, ‘Henry VII and the Northern Rising of 1489’, EHR, Vol. CV, No. 414, January 1990, pp. 34–59 (p. 44 n. 3.); C.G. Bayne & W.H. Dunham (eds), Select Cases in Council of Henry VII (1958, Seldon Society), pp. 85–87; this search thanks to Francisca Icaza.
266 Jones, ‘Stanley’, p. 18 n. 74; TNA, E 154/2/5.
18. Avenues for Exploration
1 Heralds’ Memoir, p. 116. For Henry fleeing the conflict, see Bennett, p. 82.
2 Bennett, pp. 122, 131, letter of Henry VII to Pope Innocent VIII, 5 July 1487; Molinet (1490).
3 Vergil-2, p. 75, reported response in 1495: ‘if he [Sir William] were sure that the man was Edward’s son he would never take up arms against him’.
4 Bennett, p. 72.
5 Wroe, p. 179; Arthurson, The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy, pp. 85, 221; Kingsford, Chronicles of London, p. 203; André, p. 64.
6 Baldwin, Stoke Field, Appendix 1, ‘Rebels of 1487’, pp. 123–25; Athurson, pp. 204–05; Wroe, pp. 176–81.
7 Aka Mashborough/Marsburgh. GC, pp. 219, 446; Mythology, pp. 116 n. 11, 280; Howard Books, Vol. 2, p. 348. Marsburgh was the keeper, maker and provider of the king’s bows in the Tower, Calais, Ireland and elsewhere: CPR 1467–77, p. 420, thanks to Ian Rogers; Athurson, p. 209. He seems to have served in the same role under Richard III.
8 GC, pp. 284 and 291.
9 Matthew Lewis, The Survival of the Princes in the Tower, p. 207.
10 Wroe, pp. 468, 471–72.
11 Ibid., pp. 431–32.
12 Rawdon Brown, Calendar Relating to English Affairs/Venice, Vol. 4, 1527–1533: ‘Appendix: Miscellaneous 1495’, pp. 482–83 (British History Online). See Appendix 8.
13 For list, see A.J. Hibbard, ‘The Missing Evidence’, Court Journal, Vol. 26, Autumn 2019, p. 27, www.revealingrichardiii.com/archival-destruction.html
14 The Titulus Regius first came to light as an abstract made by William Camden and published in his Britannia edition of 1607. Camden’s published abstract consisted of notes taken from an earlier abstract of the Act of Succession, which is extant in BL, MS Add. 33216, ff.370–72, of which the author is unknown but may have been William Bowyer, Keeper of the Records in the Tower of London in the 1560s (David Weil Baker, ‘Jacobean Historiography and the Election of Richard III’, Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 3, September 2007, pp. 311–42 [pp. 313, 321 n. 50]). The Act was first published in full by John Speed, The Historie of Great Britaine, 1611: see Buc, pp. xlviii, xlix.
15 Jeremy Potter, Good King Richard? (1983), p. 101. Thanks to Lesley Lambert.
16 A.J. Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower (1991), p. 233.
17 Thanks to Janet Senior, researcher and archivist at Markenfield Hall, 1.9.2022. In 1601, seventy-nine boxes, a coffer and two bags of archive material were removed from Markenfield Hall by the last Tudor monarch.
18 York Books, Vol. 2, pp. 475–76, 478–79.
19 Anne F. Sutton & Livia Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books (1997), p. 146 n. 51.
20 Eaedem, The Hours of Richard III (1990), pp. 68–70.
21 Horrox, Richard III: A Study of Service, p. 145.
22 Dr Sandra Pendlington and Patricia Payne, ‘Research: Cardinal Archbishop Thomas Bourchier’, Court Journal, Vol. 19, Spring 2016, pp. 22–29 (p. 29). Records missing: 1482–86. The Bourchier Register is still available, as are some of the Knole House records.
23 CPR 1485–95, p. 386.
24 Wroe, pp. 359, 573. ‘Milan: 1497’, in Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts in the Archives and Collections of Milan 1385–1618, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1912), pp. 310–341. BHO: www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/milan/1385-1618/pp310-341 [accessed 30 January 2021].
25 Rot. Parl., vi, p. 220. Fine imposed for violation of cloth of gold (Sumptuary) law was £20. For the eleven named courtiers close to Edward IV exempt from the law and with royal authority to wear cloth of gold, p. 122. Also: A Compton Reeves, ‘The Foppish Eleven of 1483’, Medieval Prosopography, Autumn 1995, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 111–34.
26 See Chapter 17: Sir Edward Brampton; Howard Books, Vol. 2, p. 426. Retrospective payments were made on 11 August 1483 for four outfits for humble children of the stables. See Chapter 14.
27 Langley and Schneider Coutandin, ‘Lost in Translation?’ (Part One), p. 49; Ibid. for Sandal Castle Nursery as a highly controlled and secure location.
28 Stapleton, Plumpton Correspondence, p. 54: 29 November 1486.
29 Smith, ‘Lambert Simnel and the King from Dublin’, p. 520; thanks to Eileen Bates.
30 GC, p. 291.
31 Wroe, p. 499.
32 Ibid., p. 511.
33 Baldwin, The Lost Prince: The Survival of Richard of York (2007). For Jack Leslau’s theory of the survival of both princes, see Lewis, The Survival of the Princes in the Tower, pp. 210–33. Ongoing investigations thanks to TMPP members, Carl Holdcroft and James Leslau.
34 Wroe, p. 506.
35 Glen Moran, ‘The Search for the mtDNA of the “Princes”’, Bulletin, December 2018, pp. 41–44; Mythology, pp. 204–07, Appendix 4b, pp. 264–66.
36 Wendy Corbett Kelley, TMPP Research Report, 11.5.2017.
37 Ibid. An outdoor passageway may mark the original location of the south aisle (‘West Winge’) of the fourteenth-century Austin Friars church where York is believed to be buried.
19. Summary and Conclusion
1 York Books, Vol. 2, p. 570. This is the only surviving contemporary document that ascribes to him the regnal number ‘VI’, see Chapter 12, n. 25.
2 Bennett, p. 70.
3 York Books, Vol. 2, pp. 574–82.
4 Bennett, p. 81. See note 6.
5 York Books, Vol. 2, pp. 586–87.
6 Bennett, p. 148 n. 29.
7 York Books, Vol. 2, p. 572.
8 Bennett, p. 78.
9 ‘Milan: 1497’, in Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts in the Archives and Collections of Milan 1385–1618, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1912), pp. 310–41. BHO: www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/milan/1385-1618/pp310-341 [accessed 30 January 2021].
10 BL Add MS 24513, f. 148-1: source and transcription thanks to Marie Barnfield. NB: Metcalfe may be ‘Metham’. Also: Mason Metcalfe, ‘The Metcalfes of Nappa Hall: Inside the House of Metcalfe’, Bulletin, September 2022, pp. 48–54 (p. 54) 109 families should read 51. From: Walter C. and Gilbert Metcalfe, Records of the Family of Metcalfe, formerly of Nappa in Wensleydale (1891), pp. 36–37; Collectanea Hunteriana, ‘Abstract of Record in the Queen’s Remembrances’ Office’, Richard III, Henry VII, Additional MS 24618, Vol. 6, fo. 148.
11 C.H. Williams, ‘The Rebellion of Humphrey Stafford in 1486’, EHR, Vol. 43, No. 170, 1928, pp. 181–89 (p. 183 n. 5). The Yorkist pretender is recorded as coming from the island of Guernsey. The Governorship of Guernsey included Alderney, Sark, Herm and Jethou: CPR 1476–85, pp. 818 (1482), 413 (1484). Searches continue.
12 A.J. Hibbard, An Account of Richard … & Order of the Garter, p. 16. Edward, Prince of Wales, received his Garter stall on 23 April 1471, aged nearly 6 months.
13 See Appendix 4.
14 Wroe, p. 91.
15 Ibid., p. 469.
16 Stapleton, Plumpton Correspondence, pp. 141–42, note a. The trial was before Sir John Sely, Knight Marshal, and Sir John Turbervile, Marshal of the Marshalsea (the Palace Court for household servants).
17 Alice Johnson, TMPP Research Report, ‘The “Lincoln” Roll: Does it truly fit the criteria of a piece of propaganda?’, 19.5.2022. Forthcoming publication in Bulletin.
18 Iiif.biblissima.fr/collections/manifest/197399e5ad696aa5d11ac5e0ef6b821fdddab14e (trans. thanks to Marie Barnfield). There is no medallion for Edward of Warwick.
19 Middle English: the part of life following childhood.
20. Postscript
1 Arthurson, The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy 1491–1499, p. vii.
2 David Baldwin, Stoke Field, Appendix IV, pp. 133–34.
Appendix 3 An Ideal Place to Hide a Prince
1 Handwritten notes on Coldridge Church are in Crediton Library (c. 1910). As a local historian, Cresswell published three books on antiquities and churches in Exeter and Devon from 1908–10.
2 Chris Brooks and Martin Cherry, ‘The Prince and the Parker’, The Journal of Stained Glass, Vol. 26 (1992, rev. 2003), p. 17. Lecturers at Exeter University investigated the connection between Edward V and Coldridge.
3 Peter Bramley, A Companion Guide to the Wars of the Roses (2011), p. 107, focuses on associated physical remains.
4 Brooks and Cherry, ‘The Prince and the Parker’, p. 20.
5 1525 survey of lands (rental) of Cecily Bonville, Marchioness of Dorset (d. 1529): Somerset Heritage Centre, TPHst/1525. This contains an early record of the land and manor leased by John Evans at Coldridge.
6 E. Ashworth, Notes on Some North Devon Churches, Vol. 5, Part 1 and Part 7 (1887). Ashworth was a leading English artist/architect from Devon who built, restored and visited many churches and left a large archive.
7 Ibid.
8 Donald P. White, Elaboration: Artisans and Ideas in the Devon Parish (2010), p. 168. ‘Some elite benefactors who engaged in dispersed benefaction appear to have employed the same principal artisans for each of their initiatives. This strategy further blurred the differences in design from parish to parish and object to object. It is possible that the Coldridge parclose screen standing next to the 1538 [?1511] box pews and obviously constructed by the same group of Anglo-French carvers was also initiated by John Evans.’
9 See note 1.
10 Brooks and Cherry, ‘The Prince and the Parker’.
11 With thanks to York Herald, College of Arms. Also: John Burke, Bernard Burke, A General Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1842).
12 Brooks and Cherry, p. 11.
13 Michael J. Yaremchuk, MD, ‘Commentary on: Chin Ups and Downs: Avoiding Bad Results in Chin Reoperation’, Aesthetic Surgery Journal (1 March 2017), Vol. 37, Issue 3, pp. 264–65, doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjw266.
14 Somerset Heritage Centre, TPHst/1525.
15 Tristram Risdon, The Chorographical Description, or, Survey of the County of Devon, with the City and County of Exeter, p. 370. Circulated in manuscript form for almost eighty years before it was published in 1632. The source of the description of the deer park is unknown.
16 CPR 1476–85, 3 March 1484, p. 879. N.B. The term ‘King’s Servant’ would apply to senior members of his household.
17 Lawrence C. Duggan, Arms Bearing and the Clergy in History and Canon Law of Western Christianity (2013), p. 198, highlights the military role of clergy and parishioners: e.g. Coldridge Church maintained armour and weapons.
18 Pollard, Sir Thomas Markenfield and Richard III (2018), pp. 1, 10, 11, posits the development of a personal bond with Richard of Gloucester when Thomas entered his service, which may have extended to Robert Markenfield.
19 ‘Court of Common Pleas’, Henry VII, CP40 No 931 (1495), image 142. An Edmund Gyll took out a plea at Wembworthy for trespass against John Speke Jnr, Robert Markenfield, yeoman, and three farm workers.
20 Harley 433, Vol. 2, pp. 124–25: ‘Sir Henry Bodrugan … shall enter and take possession of the manors, towns and lordships before specified [including Coldridge]’.
21 CPR 1485–94, p. 105. Bodrugan was commissioned with others on 26 February 1486 to arrest John Gaye and William Bruer for pirating two ships of a foreign but friendly country, Almayn (Cornish for Germany).
