The Princes in the Tower, page 42
Henry VII undertakes inquisition against all Irish in England, specifically London.
All Irish nationals, including women and children, to be accounted for.
Tuesday, 22 September 1495
Burgundy: Maximilian’s supplication to Pope Alexander VI on York’s behalf.
Late November 1495
Scotland: York at court of James IV.
Mid-January 1496
Scotland: York marries James IV’s kinswoman, Katherine Gordon.
September 1496
York issues proclamation as King Richard IV.
Invades northern England with James IV.
Invasion fails.
Elizabeth of York unwell.
c. Monday, 3 July 1497
Ayr: York leaves Scotland with three ships; James IV to attack Henry VII’s forces from north, York from southwest.
Henry VII spends over £60,000 on defending England from York.
c. 25 July 1497
York in Ireland.
Thursday, 7 September 1497
York invades England at Cornwall, marches to Devon.
Invasion fails.
Takes sanctuary at Beaulieu Abbey.
Thursday, 5 October 1497
York leaves sanctuary wearing royal cloth of gold.
Meets Henry VII in Taunton, Devon, and is captured.
Wednesday, 8 November 1497
Metz: Maximilian begs Henry for York’s life, offers 10,000 florins to help save him.
After 18 November 1497
York guarded at Sheen and Westminster Palace.
Forbidden to meet Elizabeth of York or have conjugal relations with wife.
Wednesday, 22 November 1497
London: York paraded as French impostor.
Saturday, 9 June–Wednesday, 13 June 1498
York escapes. York is captured and imprisoned in the Tower. York is placed in shackles and beaten, his face broken.
August/September 1499
Burgundy: Margaret writes apology to Henry VII to save York’s life.
Maximilian offers Henry his friendship to save York’s life.
Tuesday, 12 November 1499
Plot discovered to free York and Warwick from Tower.
Warwick to make York king.
Saturday, 16 November 1499
London, White Hall, Westminster: York tried for treason.
Thursday, 21 November 1499
London, Great Hall, Westminster: Warwick tried for treason.
Saturday, 23 November 1499
York (26) hanged at Tyburn as French impostor ‘Perkyn Osbeck’.
Thursday, 28 November 1499
Warwick (24) beheaded at Tower.
John of Gloucester (approx. 30) secretly killed in Tower.
December 1499–January 1500
Elizabeth of York (33) unwell.
Abbreviations
The place of publication is London unless otherwise stated.
ADN
Archives Départementales du Nord, Lille, France.
André
Bernard André, The Life of Henry VII, Daniel Hobbins (ed.) (2011).
Beloved Cousyn
Richard III’s ‘Beloved Cousyn’: John Howard and the House of York, John Ashdown-Hill (Stroud, 2009).
Bennett
Lambert Simnel and the Battle of Stoke, Michael Bennett (Gloucester, 1987).
BHO
British History Online.
BIHR
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research.
BNF
Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
Buc
The History of King Richard the Third by Sir George Buc, Master of the Revels (1619), Arthur Kincaid (ed.) (2023).
Bulletin
Ricardian Bulletin, magazine of the Richard III Society.
Campbell
Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry VII, Reverend William Campbell (ed.) (1873).
CCR
Calendar of the Close Rolls.
CFR
Calendar of the Fine Rolls.
CPR
Calendar of the Patent Rolls.
Coronation
The Coronation of Richard III: The Extant Documents, Anne F. Sutton & P.W. Hammond (eds) (Gloucester, New York, 1983).
Crowland
The Crowland Continuations 1459–86, Nicholas Pronay & John Cox (eds) (1986).
Crown & People
Richard III: Crown and People, J. Petre (ed.), Richard III Society (Gloucester, 1985).
De But
‘Chronique d’Adrien De But’ (‘Chronicon ab anno 1465 usque ad 1487’) in Chroniques relatives à l’histoire de la Belgique sous la domination des ducs de Bourgogne, I, pp. 581–310, J. Kervyn de Lettenhove (Brussels, 1870).
DI
Dickon Independent, magazine of the Gloucester Branch, Richard III Society.
Divisie Chronicle
Die cronycke van Hollandt, Zeelandt ende Vrieslant, Cornelius Aurelius (Jan Seversz, 1517), The Hague, Royal Library, KW 1084 A6.
DNB
Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography_1885–1900.
Early Historians
Richard III and His Early Historians 1483–1485, Alison Hanham (Oxford, 1975).
EHR
English Historical Review.
GC
The Great Chronicle of London, A.H. Thomas & I.D. Thornley (eds), (1938, reprint 1983).
Harley 433
British Library Harleian MS 433, R.E. Horrox & P.W. Hammond (eds) (Gloucester, 1979–1983).
Heralds’ Memoir
The Heralds’ Memoir 1486–1490: Court Ceremony, Royal Progress and Rebellion, Emma Cavell (ed.), (Donington, 2009).
HHSA
Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Wien, Austria.
Hicks
Edward V: The Prince in the Tower, Michael Hicks (Gloucester, 2003).
Historical Notes
‘Historical Notes of a London Citizen, 1483–1488’ by Richard Firth Green, EHR (July 1981), Vol. 96, No. 380.
Howard Books
The Household Books of John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, 1462–1471, 1481–1483, Anne Crawford (ed.) (Stroud, 1992).
Itinerary
The Itinerary of King Richard III 1483–1485, Rhoda Edwards (1983).
JHA
Journal of the Historical Association.
LMA Common Council 9
London Metropolitan Archives, City of London, COL/CC/01/01/009: Court of Common Council, City of London Corporation, Journal 9.
Maligned King
Richard III: The Maligned King, Annette Carson (Stroud, 2008, 2013).
Mancini
Domenico Mancini: de occupatione regni Anglie, Annette Carson (trans./ed.) (Horstead, 2021).
Memorials
Memorials of the Wars of the Roses: A Biographical Guide, W.E Hampton (Gloucester, 1979).
Molinet
Chroniques de Jean Molinet 1474–1504, five volumes, J.A. Buchon (Paris, 1827–28).
More
St Thomas More: The History of King Richard III and Selections from the English and Latin Poems, Richard S. Sylvester (ed.) (New Haven, 1976).
Mythology
Mythology of the Princes in the Tower, John Ashdown-Hill (Stroud, 2018).
NAH
National Archives, The Hague, Netherlands.
NYCRO
North Yorkshire County Record Office (Northallerton).
ODNB
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
Orme
‘The Education of Edward V’ by Nicholas Orme, BIHR, November 1984, Vol. LVII, No. 136, pp. 119–30.
PROME
Parliament Rolls of Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2005); British History Online: www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/parliament-rolls-medieval.
Protector & Constable
Richard, Duke of Gloucester as Lord Protector and High Constable of England, Annette Carson (Horstead, 2015).
RI XIV
Regesta Imperii XIV Maximilian I (1486/1493–1519).
Ricardian
The Ricardian, academic journal of the Richard III Society.
Road to Bosworth
Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field, P.W. Hammond & Anne F. Sutton (1985).
Rot. Parl.
Rotuli Parliamentorum, ut et petitiones et placita in Parliamento (Rolls of Parliament).
Royal Funerals
The Royal Funerals of the House of York, Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs with R.A. Griffiths (2005).
Secret Queen
Eleanor, The Secret Queen: The Woman Who Put Richard III on the Throne, John Ashdown-Hill (Stroud, 2009, 2016).
SHA
Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Dresden, Germany.
TMPP
The Missing Princes Project.
TNA: PRO
The National Archives: Public Record Office.
Vergil-1
Polydore Vergil’s Life of Richard III: An Edition of the Original Manuscript, Stephen O’Connor (ed.) (Westoning, 2021).
Vergil-2
The Anglica Historia of Polydore Vergil 1485–1537, Denys Hay (ed.) (1950).
Weightman
Margaret of York, the Diabolical Duchess: The Woman Who Tried to Overthrow the Tudors, Christine Weightman (Oxfordshire, 2012).
Wroe
Perkin: A Story of Deception, Ann Wroe (2003, 2004).
York Books
The York House Books 1461–1490, Lorraine C. Attreed (ed.) (Stroud, 1991).
Notes
Front Matter
1 Philip Lindsay, King Richard III: A Chronicle (1933), frontispiece.
Introduction: The Inspiration
1 Leicester University, 27 April 2015, Annual Review 2014–2015, p. 9.
2 Annette Carson (ed.), Finding Richard III: The Official Account of Research by the Retrieval and Reburial Project (2014), pp. 20–21.
3 Ibid., pp. 25–27; Langley & Jones, The Lost King: The Search for Richard III (2022, first published as The King’s Grave, 2013), pp. 247–48. From David Baldwin, ‘King Richard’s Grave in Leicester’, Transactions of Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society (1986), 60, pp. 21–24; Leicester Mercury, 8 October 2002, p. 10. Plaque erected by the Richard III Society.
4 No unevenness is apparent in the drawings from life by John Rous, nor in diary of Niclas von Popplau, who met Richard in 1484. Philippa Langley & Doris Schneider-Coutandin, ‘Niclas von Popplau: Lost in Translation?’ Part Two, Bulletin, March 2021, pp. 39–47 (p. 43).
5 ‘Bones in Urn “not related to Richard III”’, The Times, 27 June 2016; Ashdown-Hill, Eleanor (2016), pp. 249–52.
6 Theya Molleson, ‘Anne Mowbray and the Princes in the Tower’, London Archaeologist, 1987, Vol. 5 (10), pp. 259–60 (A.H. Brook, ‘A unifying aetiological explanation for anomalies of human tooth number and size’, Archvs Oral Biol., 29, 1984, pp. 373–78).
7 Michael Hicks & Martin Biddle, ‘Was the Skeleton in the Leicester Car Park Really Richard III?’, BBC HistoryExtra, 6 May 2014.
8 ‘King Richard III: DNA and Genealogical Study Confirms Identity of Remains …’, Leicester University, 2 December 2014.
9 Ashdown-Hill, The Mythology of Richard III (2015), pp. 171–76.
10 Executive producers: Nick Kent, Sue Jones.
11 Oxford Film & TV website, 2015.
12 Anna Leszkiewicz, ‘Richard III: the Princes in the Tower’ (Channel 4, March 2015) review, Daily Telegraph.
13 Michael Jones, The Black Prince (2017), pp. 367, 371–73, Appendix, ‘Black Propaganda and the Sack of Limoges’, pp. 405–08 (Pépin’s discovery, p. 408).
1. The Missing Princes Project: A Cold-Case Investigation
1 Rachael Stark, ‘A Song of Ice and Fire: the Retold Story of King Richard III’, Court Journal, Vol. 22, Autumn 2017, pp. 37–39.
2. The Missing Princes: Edward V and Richard, Duke of York
1 TNA C 66/530. See also H.M. Carey, Courting Disaster: Astrology at the English Court and University in the Later Middle Ages (1992), Appendix III, p. 257. Gloucester Cathedral, MS 21, f.9v, ‘Edward V Astrological Chart’ shows he was born on 2 November 1470 at 4.06 p.m. For Dr John Argentine, see Rhodes, Argentine: Provost of Kings, 1967, p. 12), thanks to Marie Barnfield. Also, Rosemary Horrox, ODNB; Hicks, pp. 54, 177. Crowland, p. 123 records the incorrect date.
2 TNA E 404/71/6; Horrox, ODNB.
3 A.J. Hibbard, An Account of Richard (Plantagenet), Third Duke of Gloucester and Third King of England, of that Name & The Most Noble Order of the Garter (2016), p. 16.
4 James Gairdner, DNB.
5 CPR 1467–77, p. 283; Gairdner, DNB; Horrox, ODNB; Josephine Wilkinson, The Princes in the Tower (2013), p. 13; Hicks, p. 83.
6 Hicks, pp. 61–63.
7 Charles Ross, Edward IV (1974, 1997), p. 197.
8 Hicks, p. 75.
9 Stephen David, ‘Ludlow and the Woodvilles and What Richard of Gloucester Had to Fear’, DI, No. 120, July 2021, pp. 6–10 (p. 7); Mythology, pp. 29–33.
10 David, op. cit., p. 8.
11 Protector and Constable, Appendix IX, p. 95.
12 David, op. cit., p. 7.
13 Orme, p. 129.
14 Hicks, pp. 65–66.
15 Horrox, ODNB.
16 Hicks, pp. 68–69.
17 Horrox, ODNB; Scofield, Edward the Fourth (2016 reprint), Vol. 2, p. 125, n. 1. His knighting on 7 May is unverified. Hicks, p. 64, n. 12, gives 18 April. See notes 19, 42, 49.
18 See Mythology, pp. 23–24 for Edward being sickly/doubts over the succession (see Chapter 7).
19 BL, Add MS 6113 f. 74v; poss. later copy of lost contemporary heraldic account is found in Collection Wriothesley, son of John Writhe Garter, KoA 1477. Thanks to Marie Barnfield.
20 Hicks, p. 59. Other nobles also paid homage. Charles Ross, Richard III (1988), p. 35, cites the occasion incorrectly.
21 Hicks, p. 57.
22 Horrox, ODNB; Howard Books, Vol. 2, pp. 3–12.
23 Hicks, p. 67.
24 Mancini, pp. 54–55.
25 Molinet, Vol. 1, Chapter 100, p. 402. Trans. thanks to Isabelle Lloyd (5.9.2019).
26 Mancini, pp. 41–43, alleges Edward IV’s melancholia. See also Crowland, pp. 149–51.
27 Orme, pp. 124–25. See Protector & Constable, pp. 95–100 for full 1483 ordinances; also Wilkinson, The Princes in the Tower, pp. 18–19.
28 Orme, p. 124.
29 Protector & Constable, p. 97.
30 Orme, pp. 127–29.
31 Ibid., p. 123.
32 Mancini, p. 65.
33 Crowland, p. 149.
34 Lambeth Palace Library, MS 265 f.vir. DNA research indicates the eye colour of Richard III was probably blue as per SAL portrait. Elizabeth of York’s eyes were brown as per Royal Collection, RCIN 403447.
35 For a closer view, see The Missing Princes Project: https://www.revealingrichardiii.com/johnson.html.
36 John Ashdown-Hill discusses Canterbury glass at www.johnashdownhill.com/johns-blog/2017/11/6/does-the-royal-window-at-canterbury-cathedral-showus-what-edward-ivs-two-sons-really-looked-like.
37 Mancini, p. 49.
38 Ibid., p. 65.
39 D.R. Carlson, English Humanist Books (1993), p. 41.
40 For Richard’s birth, see Scofield, Vol. 2, p. 60 n. 4. See also Gairdner, DNB, Vol. 48; Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. 101, Part 1, Jan. 1831, p. 25.
41 Wroe, pp. 58, 61.
42 Horrox, ODNB; W.A. Shaw, Knights of England: A Complete Record, 1906, Vol. 1, p. 136. See also note 17.
43 Hibbard, An Account of Richard (Plantagenet), Third Duke of Gloucester and Third King of England, of that Name & The Most Noble Order of the Garter, pp. 17–18.
44 Mythology, p. 26; Excerpta Historica, pp. 366–79.
45 Excerpta Historica, p. 371; Wroe, pp. 65–66.
46 Scofield, Vol. 2, p. 205 n. 1.
47 Ibid., pp. 204–06.
48 Mythology, p. 37. Papal dispensation for consanguinity was made to Pope Sixtus IV.
49 BL, Add MS 6113 f.74v. See notes 20 and 21.
50 Wroe, p. 59, he is also described as Banneret/Knight of the Body to the King. Of numerous Thomas Greys, one attended Richard III’s coronation (Coronation, pp. 350–51); A. Compton Reeves, ‘The Foppish Eleven of 1483’, Medieval Prosopography, Aut. 1995, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 111–34 (pp. 127, 134); Memorials, pp. 185–86, p. 203 offers other candidates.
51 Wroe, p. 58.
52 Mythology, pp. 116, 280 n. 1 (Howard Books, Vol. 2, p. 348). Poynes’ identity is unclear. For Sir Robert Poyntz of Gloucester, see Memorials, p. 64; Royal Funerals, pp. 26, 38.
53 Gairdner, DNB.
54 See Chapter 14, note 96, for Richard of York in Ireland in December 1479.
55 Wendy Moorhen, ‘Anne Mowbray: In Life and Death’, Bulletin, Spring 2005, pp. 24–26.
56 Ross, Richard III, p. 36 n. 51.
57 See Chapter 3, note 17, for Edward IV’s date of death.
