Determined, page 57
eukaryotic cells, 481n
evolution, 4, 48, 79, 80, 151, 231, 240, 284, 359–60, 387, 392
Evolution of the Brain (Eccles), 217
exclusivity, in illusion of agency, 26
execution, 376n, 382
changing attitudes toward, 376–77
by electric chair, 368, 373, 376, 377
by firing squad, 152–53
by guillotine, 486n
by hanging, 355–58, 358, 368, 376, 377, 486n
by lethal injection, 152, 373–75, 377, 382
victims’ families and, 378
exercise, 111
experimental philosophy, 6
exponentiality, 132
eyes, 426
blinking of, 279–87, 280, 281, 282, 290
movements of, in looking at a picture, 75, 200n
F
faces, looking at, 96–97, 227
Falling Sickness, The (Temkin), 304n, 307–8
Falret, Jules, 310
Farmer, Doyne, 147
farming, 76, 122
fat, body, 396
obesity, 393–96
fatigue, 106
faucets, dripping, 144, 147
fear, 37, 58, 97, 98, 108, 227
as conditioned response, 286–88
fertility, 400
fetal brain, 4, 15, 60, 117, 189, 415
fetal environment, 4, 9, 13, 53, 56, 68–69, 80, 82, 114, 117, 174, 287, 290, 315, 323, 395, 456n, 387n
Feynman, Richard, 238
Fiji, 365n
filtering, 231–34, 238
fire, 152–53
firing squad, 152–53
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 157n
Flynn, Laurie, 331, 332, 334
flowers, 436n
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 21, 23, 27, 29, 31
foraging, 207
Foucault, Michel, 376n
fractal geometry, 170–71, 177
France, 345
Frankfurt, Harry, 38n, 41
Free (Mele), 32
free-will belief, 3, 6–7, 8n, 12, 14, 85, 241–44, 251, 390
advantages of, 387–88
chaotic systems and, 127, 143, 144–53
emergence and, 192–202
future and, 88–89
malleability of, 246–51, 257, 264–67
moral responsibility and, 12–14, 264–67, 390
past and, 87–89, 91
quantum indeterminacy and, 203, 204, 208, 213–38
bubbling-up problem and, 217–22, 226, 228, 236, 238
and consistencies of who we are, 230–38
filtering model and, 231–34, 238
messing-with model and, 231, 235–38
neuronal spontaneity and, 222–28
randomness and, 228–38, 241
free-will skepticism, 5–10, 12, 301, 388–89n
agency and, 249–51
attributed to looking for free will in the wrong places, 85, 89, 91, 126, 192
downsides of, 389–92
implications of, 9–10
meaning and, 249, 250
moral responsibility and, 11–12, 249–51, 264–67, 389
neuroscience and, 8, 13, 20–36, 38–41
punishment and, 344, 376, 382
running amok and, 246–51, 257, 264–67, 268, 389, 390
self-knowledge and, 249, 250
free won’t (veto power), 33–36, 38, 96
Freud, Sigmund, 321n, 329
Freudian thinking, 320–21, 322n
Freudian Fraud (Torrey), 332
Fried, Itzhak, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32
Frisch, Karl von, 160n
Fromm-Reichmann, Frieda, 321, 335, 337
frontal cortex, 13, 23, 24, 34n, 35, 45, 50, 53, 56, 60–62, 64–66, 94, 118, 241, 242, 315, 397, 403
schizophrenia and, 326, 335n
frontal disinhibition, 99
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 21, 23, 27, 29, 31
“funishment,” 353–55, 379
fusiform face area, 97n
G
GABA, 420, 424
Gacy, John Wayne, 366
Gage, Phineas, 13, 23, 111
Galen, 304, 305
gambling, 35, 108n
game theory, 362, 364, 365
economic games, 51–53, 54n, 101, 262, 264, 361, 363
Ultimatum Game, 361, 362, 364, 371
Gandhi, Mahatma, 78, 293–95, 294, 296, 296, 297
Garcia, Emilio, 314, 315
gay people, 47–48, 263, 339, 340, 397, 399–400, 403
Gazzaniga, Michael, 30, 89, 389
genome, sequencing of, 128n
genes, 4, 9, 13, 15, 53, 56, 59, 69–74, 80, 88, 114, 173, 207, 231, 240, 266, 275, 283
bifurcation and, 173–77
conditioning and, 287–88, 290
culture and, 122
diseases caused by, 8n, 323
DNA, 69–71, 73–74, 128n, 231, 275n, 468n
cheating in, 360
transposons, 360–61n, 361
DRD4, 76n
environmental interaction with, 65–66, 70–73, 119, 150n, 173–74, 240, 266n, 323, 395
epigenetic changes and, 17, 65–66, 73, 80, 82, 114–15, 174, 240, 285, 383–84, 395, 404
fractal, 177
free will and, 8
frontal cortex and, 61, 62
in humans, shared with other species, 284n
and individualistic versus collectivist cultures, 76n
“jumping,” 468n
MAPT, 150
obesity and, 395–97
PFC and, 118–20, 123
as potential or vulnerability, not certainty, 8, 92n, 150n, 325n
proteins and, 69–73, 80, 118, 123, 176, 207, 240
schizophrenia and, 323, 325n, 326, 336n
single, focusing on, 71n
in twins, 207n, 323
variants of, 71–73, 118, 119, 122, 326
geometry
diffusion-based, 176
fractal, 170–71, 177
Gervais, Ricky, 266n
Gervais, Will, 253–54, 266n
Gessen, Masha, 485n
gills, of Aplysia californica, 269–79, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 283–84, 286–87, 290, 291, 299
Glannon, Walter, 196–97
glial cells, 326n, 408, 415
glucocorticoids, 55–56, 59, 65, 68, 70, 75, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 285, 286, 456n
cortisol (hydrocortisone), 56n, 78n
glucose, 198
glutamate, 113–14, 199, 218, 220, 221, 223, 420
God, gods, 10n, 263, 486n
moralizing, 251–53, 258, 260, 264, 363–64, 390
see also religion
Golden Rule, 263
Golgi, Camillo, 416
Gomes, Gilberto, 197n, 389
Gone Room, The (Owen), 330n
go/no-go task, 248
Gopnik, Alison, 6
Gordon, Deborah, 161
gratitude, 5, 249, 250, 256
Great Depression, 487n
Great Leap Forward, 68n
Great Pretender, The (Cahalan), 318n
Green, John, 1n
Greene, Josh, 98, 99
Grisamore, Joe, 386
grit, 91, 104, 109, 115, 123–24
guillotining, 486n
Gulf War syndrome, 339
gut bacteria, 59
Gutenberg, Johannes, 307n
H
Haggard, Patrick, 23
Haidt, Jonathan, 259
Haldol, 327
Hameroff, Stuart, 218–19, 222n
Hamilton, Alexander, 20n
Hamilton, W. D., 362
hand washing, 50, 106
hanging, 355–58, 358, 368, 376, 377, 486n
happiness, 392
Hard Luck (Levy), 81–82
Harris, Sam, 6n, 10n, 124, 229, 242
Harrison, William Henry, 19–21, 20, 432n
Harvard Theological Review, 148
hatred, 5, 9, 403
Haynes, John-Dylan, 23, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 155n
Heisenberg, Martin, 208n
Heisenberg, Werner, 208n, 214n
uncertainty principle of, 210
Hemingway, Ernest, 157n
Henley, William Ernest, 375
Henry VIII, 386
Hiesinger, Robin, 157n, 173, 182
Hinckley, John, 319
hippocampus, 24, 58–59, 65, 111, 199, 220, 223, 326n, 335n, 430
Hippocrates, 303
Hiroshima, 385
Hobbes, Thomas, 389
Holocaust, 267, 338n, 348, 383
history, biological, 42, 66, 83–84, 241
and what you do with what you were given, 90–95, 103–4, 123, 126, 395–96
see also specific aspects
Hollingshead, August, 329
Honberg, Ron, 331, 333
hormones, 3, 4, 9, 15, 52–57, 61, 68–70, 73, 80, 82, 88, 118, 225, 240, 315
aggression and, 52–56, 65, 68, 437n
cortisol, 56n, 78n
estrogen, 58–59, 61, 109–11, 195
glucocorticoids, 55–56, 59, 65, 68, 70, 75, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 285, 286, 456n
molecular structures of, 195–96, 195
oxytocin, 54–55, 73, 109, 110, 122, 287, 363, 439n
PFC and, 109–11
stress and, 59, 65, 68, 70, 75, 109, 111, 285, 287, 396, 397n
testosterone, 52–54, 59, 61, 65, 78n, 109, 110, 196, 290, 292, 371, 437–38n
vasopressin, 54, 55
How the Self Controls Its Brain (Eccles), 216
humors, 304
phlegm, 304, 305, 309
Hundred Years’ War, 341
hunger, 51, 106–7, 109, 397
leptin and, 393–94, 396, 397
Hunt, G. M. K., 148
hunter-gatherer societies, 77, 79n, 252, 359, 363, 365
hunting, 207–8
Huxley, Thomas, 168–69
hypnosis, 33
hypothalamus, 394, 397, 430
I
Iida, Rei, 91
illusionism, 387n
immigrants, 75–76, 76n, 359n, 401
Chinese, 122
Irish, 350n
immune system, 231–32
implicit bias, 47, 55, 397
impulse control, 63, 65, 108, 109, 113–15, 119, 351
incarceration, 112, 343, 352, 354–55, 359, 376n, 378
incompatibilism of determinism and free will, 10–12, 33, 33n, 154, 193
moral responsibility and, 38n, 391–92
indeterminism
determined, 225, 238
emergent, 193–96, 194
