Determined, page 54
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
T. Chiang, “What’s Expected of Us,” Nature 436 (2005): 150.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
R. Lake, “The Limits of a Pragmatic Justification of Praise and Blame,” Journal of Cognition and Neuroethics 3 (2015): 229; P. Tse, “Two Types of Libertarian Free Will Are Realized in the Human Brain,” in Caruso, Neuroexistentialism; R. Bishop, “Contemporary Views on Compatibilism and Incompatibilism: Dennett and Kane,” Mind and Matter 7 (2009): 91.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Footnote: A. Sokal, “Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity,” Social Text 46/47 (1996): 217.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
“Free will” as irrelevant to the biology, psychology and sociology of obesity:
Genetic aspects: S. Alsters et al., “Truncating Homozygous Mutation of Carboxypeptidase E in a Morbidly Obese Female with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Intellectual Disability and Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism,” PLoS One 10 (2015): e0131417; G. Paz-Filho et al., “Whole Exam Sequencing of Extreme Morbid Obesity Patients: Translational Implications for Obesity and Related Disorders,” Genes 5 (2014): 709; R. Singh, P. Kumar, and K. Mahalingam, “Molecular Genetics of Human Obesity: A Comprehensive Review,” Comptes rendus biologies 340 (2017): 87; H. Reddon, J. Gueant, and D. Meyre, “The Importance of Gene-Environment Interactions in Human Obesity,” Clinical Sciences (London) 130 (2016): 1571; D. Albuquerque et al., “The Contribution of Genetics and Environment to Obesity,” British Medical Bulletin 123 (2017): 159.
Evolutionary aspects: Z. Hochberg, “An Evolutionary Perspective on the Obesity Epidemic,” Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 29 (2018): 819.
Contribution of low social status to obesity: R. Wilkinson and K. Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better (Allen Lane, 2009); E. Goodman et al., “Impact of Objective and Subjective Social Status on Obesity in a Biracial Cohort of Adolescents,” Obesity Research 11, no. 8 (2003): 1018–26;
Footnote: Dutch Hunger Winter: B. Heijmans et al., “Persistent Epigenetic Differences Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Famine in Humans,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (2008): 17046. A recent, remarkable paper shows a similar phenomenon. In it, researchers examined individuals who were fetuses during the time that their parents’ community was in its most dire economic state during the Great Depression; such individuals, many decades later, had an epigenetic profile associated with accelerated aging. L. Schmitz and V. Duque, “In Utero Exposure to the Great Depression Is Reflected in Late-Life Epigenetic Aging Signatures—Accelerated Epigenetic Markers of Aging,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (2022): e2208530119.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
T. Charlesworth and M. Banaji, “Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: I. Long-Term Changes and Stability from 2007 to 2016,” Psychological Sciences 30 (2019): 174; S. Phelan et al., “Implicit and Explicit Weight Bias in a National Sample of 4,732 Medical Students: The Medical Student CHANGES Study,” Obesity 22 (2014): 1201; R. Carels et al., “Internalized Weight Stigma and Its Ideological Correlates among Weight Loss Treatment Seeking Adults,” Eating and Weight Disorders 14 (2019): e92; M. Vadiveloo and J. Mattei, “Perceived Weight Discrimination and 10-Year Risk of Allostatic Load among US Adults,” Annals of Behavioral Medicine 51 (2017): 94; R. Puhl and C. Heuer, “Obesity Stigma: Important Considerations for Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health 100 (2010): 1019; L. Vogel, “Fat Shaming Is Making People Sicker and Heavier,” CMAJ 191 (2019): E649.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Quote from Sam: S. Finch, “9 Affirmations You Deserve to Receive if You Have a Mental Illness,” Let’s Queer Things Up!, August 29, 2015, letsqueerthingsup.com/2015/08/29/9-affirmations-you-deserve-to-receive-if-you-have-a-mental-illness/. Quote from Arielle: D. Lavelle, “ ‘I Assumed It Was All My Fault’: The Adults Dealing with Undiagnosed ADHD,” Guardian, September 5, 2017, theguardian.com/society/2017/sep/05/i-assumed-it-was-all-my-fault-the-adults-dealing-with-undiagnosed-adhd?scrlybrkr=74e99dd8. Quote from Marianne: M. Eloise, “I’m Autistic. I Didn’t Know Until I Was 27,” New York Times, December 5, 2020, nytimes.com/2020/12/05/opinion/autism-adult-diagnosis-women.html?action=click&module=Opinion&pgtype=Homepage
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Quote from unnamed individual: QuartetQuarter, “Is it my fault I’m short?,” Reddit, February 4, 2020, reddit.com/r/short/comments/ez3tcy/is_it_my_fault_im_short/. Quote from Manas: https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-get-past-the-fact-that-my-dad-blamed-me-for-being-short-and-not-pretty-I-shouldve-exercised-a-lot-more-and-eaten-a-lot-of-protein-while-growing-up-but-my-parents-are-short-too-Whose-fault-is-it.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Quotes from Kat and Erin: sane.org/information-stories/the-sane-blog/wellbeing/how-has-diagnosis-affected-your-sense-of-self. Quote from Michelle: Lavelle, “ ‘I Assumed It Was All My Fault.’ ” Quote from Marianne: Eloise, “I’m Autistic. I Didn’t Know.” Quote from Sam: S. Finch, “4 Ways People with Mental Illness Are ‘Gaslit’ into Self-Blame,” Healthline, July 30, 2019, healthline.com/health/mental-health/gaslighting-mental-illness-self-blame?scrlybrkr=74e99dd8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
LeVay’s landmark study: S. LeVay, “A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men,” Science 253 (1991): 1034. Quote from father concerning his son’s summer camp: sane.org/information-stories/the-sane-blog/wellbeing/how-has-diagnosis-affected-your-sense-of-self. The execrable preacher, Fred Phelps of the notorious Westboro Baptist Church, is discussed in: “Active U.S. Hate Groups (Kansas),” Southern Poverty Law Center. For a statement by the American Psychiatric Association condemning conversion therapy as pseudoscience, see American Psychiatric Association, “APA Maintains Reparative Therapy Not Effective,” January 15, 1999, psychiatricnews.org/pnews/99-01-15/therapy.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
For a review of how the effects of stress on reproductive physiology are far from simple, see J. Wingfield and R. Sapolsky, “Reproduction and Resistance to Stress: When and How,” Journal of Neuroendocrinology 15 (2003): 711.
The psychological impact of infertility: R. Clay, “Battling the Self-Blame of Infertility,” APA Monitor 37 (2006): 44; A. Stanton et al., “Psychosocial Aspects of Selected Issues in Women’s Reproductive Health: Current Status and Future Directions,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70 (2002): 751; A. Domar, P. Zuttermeister, and R. Friedman, “The Psychological Impact of Infertility: A Comparison with Patients with Other Medical Conditions,” Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology 14 (1993): 45.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
S. James, “John Henryism and the Health of African-Americans,” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 18 (1994): 163.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
M. Sandel, The Tyranny of Merit: What’s Become of the Common Good? (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020); E. Anderson, “It’s Not Your Fault if You Are Born Poor, but It’s Your Fault if You Die Poor,” Medium, January 21, 2022, medium.com/illumination-curated/its-not-your-fault-if-you-are-born-poor-but-it-s-your-fault-if-you-die-poor-36cf3d56da3f.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
The Yiddish lyrics and English translation are available at genius.com/Daniel-kahn-and-the-painted-bird-mayn-rue-plats-where-i-rest-lyrics. A video of a performance is available at youtube.com/watch?v=lNRaU7zUGRo.
Science as being about statistical properties of populations, unable to predict enough about the individual: for a thoughtful discussion of this, see D. Faigman et al., “Group to Individual (G2i) Inferences in Scientific Expert Testimony,” University of Chicago Law Review 81 (2014): 417.
Footnote: D. Von Drehle, “No, History Was Not Unfair to the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Owners,” December 20, 2018, washingtonpost.com/opinions/no-history-was-not-unfair-to-the-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-owners/2018/12/20/10fb050e-046a-11e9-9122-82e98f91ee6f_story.html. Collapse of Rana Plaza: Wikipedia, s.v. “2013 Rana Plaza Factory Collapse,” wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Rana_Plaza_factory_collapse?scrlybrkr=74e99dd8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Illustration Credits
1 BookyBuggy/Shutterstock.com
2 EEG illustration used with permission of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, all rights reserved; Harrison image North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy
3 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4 Steve Lawrence, Oxford University RAE profile 2004/13/Wikimedia Commons
5 Courtesy James Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science (1987)
6 Courtesy American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 139th Annual Meeting address, December 29, 1972
7 Beojan Stanislaus/Wikimedia Commons
8 Eouw0o83hf/Wikimedia Commons
9 Courtesy Ebrahim Patel/The London Interdisciplinary School
10 Courtesy E. Dameron-Hill, M. Farmer/Chaos Theory: Nerds of Paradise, Book 2 (2017)
11 Yamaoyaji/Shutterstock.com
12 Courtesy Nakagaki, T., et al., “Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism,” Nature 407 (2000): 470
13 Courtesy Tero, A., et al., “Rules for Biologically Inspired Adaptive Network Design,” Science 327 (2010): 439
14 Santiago Ramón y Cajal/Wikimedia Commons
15 Central Historic Books/Alamy Stock Photo
16 Alejandro Miranda/Alamy Stock Vector
17 © Alejandro Miranda/Dreamstime.com
18 Robert Brook/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo
19 Storman/istock.com
20 Santiago Ramón y Cajal/Wikimedia
21, 22 Courtesy Hares Youssef/GAIIA Foundation, https://gaiia.foundation
23 Courtesy Mohsen Afshar/Penney Gilbert Lab, University of Toronto
24 (left) Courtesy Momoko Watanabe, Lab University of California, Irvine/Ben Novitch Lab, University of California, Los Angeles
25 (right) Courtesy Arnold Krigstein, University of California, San Francisco
26 Courtesy Christian List
27, 28, 29 Part of the Nobel Prize lecture of Erik Kandel, copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2000
30 (left) © Seadan/Dreamstime.com
31 (right) IrinaK/Shutterstock.com
32 (below, left) Wikimedia Commons
33 (below center) DeMarsico, Dick, photographer. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., half-length portrait, facing front/World Telegram & Sun photo by Dick DeMarsico, 1964. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/00651714/
34 (below right) Prachaya Roekdeethaweesab/Portrait from Dominican Republic 200 Pesos 2007 Banknotes/Shutterstock.com OR Diegobib/Dreamstime.com
35 (left) Guy Corbishley/Alamy Stock Photo
36 (right) Courtesy of DPAA Public Affairs
37 (bottom left) Wikimedia Commons
38 (bottom center) Ilbusca/Jesus on the Cross by Michelangelo/istock.com
39 (bottom right) Moviestore Collection Ltd /Alamy Stock Photo
40 (bottom left) Michael Flippo /Alamy Stock Photo
41 (bottom right) FlamingoImages/iStock.com
42 Courtesy Fuller Torrey, The Stanley Medical Research Institute
43 Follower of the Virgil Master/Chapter 7, “Philip V”/British Library
44 Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo
45 Bettmann/Getty Images
46 Everett Collection Historical/Alamy Stock Photo
47 Ken Hawkings/ Alamy Stock Photo
48 Mark Foley/Associated Press
49 GL Archive/Alamy Stock Photo
50 AP Photo/via Scanpix
51 Santiago Ramón y Cajal/Wikimedia
Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of the book. Each link will take you to the beginning of the corresponding print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
aberrant salience, 324
abuse, 66, 73, 114–17, 290
acetylcholine, 110, 420, 422
action potentials, 14, 53n, 105, 200, 220, 222–26, 302–3, 307, 411–15, 417, 418, 420, 421, 424, 425, 427, 430
in Aplysia, 270
in eye blinks, 279–83
adaptiveness, 155, 158, 159, 161, 178, 181, 185, 186, 190, 197, 239, 241, 278, 283–85
addiction, 250, 284
to alcohol, 91n, 111, 284
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 105n
ADHD, 398
adolescence, 97
brain in, 4–5, 60–62, 113–14, 119, 326
schizophrenia and, 326
adrenal glands, 55, 59, 70
adrenaline, 55n, 110
aesthetics, 49–50, 198
Affleck, Ben, 386
agency, 14, 230
conscious sense of, 32–34
illusory sense of, 23–27, 32n
and lessening belief in free will, 249–51
preconscious decisions and, 30–33
primates and, 242n
see also free-will belief; free-will skepticism; intent
aggression, 71, 72, 263
amygdala and, 58, 65, 97
hormones and, 52–56, 65, 68, 437n
AI (artificial intelligence), 162n
akrasia, 82n
Albright, Madeleine, 91
Alces, Pete, 80–81, 378n
alcohol abuse, 91n, 111, 284
Aldridge, Lionel, 333
Alford, C. Fred, 376n
alien hand syndrome, 25n
altruism, 363, 364, 372
altruistic punishment, 363–65
Alzheimer’s disease, 206, 462n
American Psychiatric Association, 332
amino acids, 182, 220, 420
amoebas, 360
amygdala, 45, 49, 52–54, 56, 58, 65, 70, 78n, 111, 112, 116n, 117, 199, 227, 335n, 371
conditioned responses in, 286–90
epilepsy and, 309
PFC and, 96–99, 100, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 118–19
anarchic hand syndrome, 25
Anderson, Philip, 157
androgens, 68
anger, 37, 115, 371
anorexia nervosa, 295n
anterior cingulate cortex, 34n, 121
antidepressants, 287, 422
ants, 156–59, 160n, 161–63, 165–67, 191, 196, 198
anxiety, 58, 59, 68, 97, 111, 114, 227
apartheid, 347–48
Aplysia californica, 269–79, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 283–84, 286–87, 290, 291, 299, 301
Apollo 11 astronauts, 350
Apple Computer, 386
Aquinas, Thomas, 10n
Armour, Marilyn, 378
Arrival, 142n
artificial intelligence (AI), 162n
Asch, Solomon, 199n
Asian cultures, 75–76, 121–22
Asperger’s syndrome, 336
Astonishing Hypothesis, The (Crick), 247
atheists, 252–53
active versus passive, 255n
depression among, 253, 257
differences among, 255n
morality and, 256–62, 266, 267
