Normal Women, page 79
95. Ibid., p. 348
96. Ibid., p. 406
97. ‘The Grunwick Dispute’, Striking Women
98. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 9978, 10038
99. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 484, 485
100. Anwar Ditta obituary, The Times, 3 December 2021
101. Anandi Ramamurthy, ‘Families Divided: The Campaign for Anwar Ditta and Her Children’, Our Migration Story (online)
102. Anwar Ditta obituary, The Times, 3 December 2021
103. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 302
104. Ibid., p. 484
105. Lizzie Dearden, ‘Sarah Everard Vigil organisers Win Legal Challenge Against Metropolitan Police after “Rights Breached”’, Independent, 11 March 2022
106. The Baroness Casey Review
107. Ibid., p. 573
108. Ibid., p. 407
109. Mary Whitehouse, 24 January 1979, in Ben Thompson, Ban This Filth: Letters from Mary Whitehouse, Faber, 2012
110. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 473 and 341
111. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 10979
112. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 507 and 553
113. ‘What Became of the Windrush Stowaway, Evelyn Wauchope?’, Historycal Roots (online)
114. ‘Mona Baptiste’, Historycal Roots (online)
115. Jo Stanley, ‘Women of Windrush: Britain’s Adventurous Arrivals That History Forgot’, New Statesman, 22 June 2018
116. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 228
117. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 7887
118. Ibid., loc 7860
119. Olwen Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, Knopf, New York, 1995, p. 183
120. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 430
121. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 7610
122. Ibid., loc 7614
123. ‘Great British Female Olympians Down the Decades’, Team GB (online)
124. Rachael Heyhoe-Flint obituary, Wisden Almanack, John Wisden & Co, 2017
125. ‘The Story of Women’s Football in England’, Football Association (online)
126. C. Deere and C. Doss, ‘The Gender Asset Gap: What Do We Know and Why Does It Matter?’, Feminist Economics, Vol. 12, Issues 1–2, 2006, pp. 1–50
127. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 9771
128. Ibid., loc 9858
129. Married Women’s Property Act 1964, Women’s Legal Landmarks (online)
130. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 11245
131. Lord Nicholas of Birkenhead, White v White, Conjoined Appeals Judgment, House of Lords, Parliament UK (online), 26 October 2000
132. Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, Women’s Press, 1985, p. 330
133. Ibid., p. 385
134. Quoted in ibid., p. 391
135. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 5773
136. Guardian, 25 April 1988, Section 28 LAIC Subject File, in Kelly McGhee, ‘The Destruction Caused by Clause 28’, Glasgow Women’s Library (online)
137. Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, p. 329
138. Suzannah Weiss, ‘“Fear of the Clit”: A Brief History of Medical Books Erasing Women’s Genitalia’, Vice, 3 May 2017
139. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 510
140. Helen Gurley Brown, Sex and the Single Girl: The Unmarried Woman’s Guide to Men, Bernard Geis, 1962, p. 18
141. ‘AIDS in New York: A Biography’, New York Magazine, 26 May 2006
142. Rachel P. Maines, The Technology of Orgasm: ‘Hysteria,’ the Vibrator and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998, loc 1358, 1362
143. D. Griffiths, ‘Diagnosing Sex: Intersex Surgery and “Sex Change” in Britain 1930–1955’, Sexualities, Vol. 21, Issue 3, 2018
144. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 422
145. Judith Shapiro in Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (eds) Bodyguards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, Routledge, 1991, p. 253
146. Ibid.
147. Ibid., p. 255.
148. Veronica Horwell, ‘April Ashley Obituary’, Guardian, 19 January 2022
149. James Michael Nichols, ‘Trans Supermodel Shares How Hugh Hefner Fought For Her When No One Else Would’, HuffPost, 2 October 2017
150. Anne Fausto Sterling, ‘Gender/Sex and the Body’, Psychology Podcast, YouTube
151. Philippe Testard-Vaillant, ‘How Many Sexes Are There?’, CNRS News, 8 January 2016
152. Kate Lyons, ‘Gender Identity Clinic Services Under Strain as Referral Rates Soar’, Guardian, 10 July 2016
153. From 2.5 deaths to 3.6 per 100,000 in 2021, ‘Suicides in England and Wales: 2021 Registrations’, ONS, in ‘ONS Report Shows Alarming Rise in Suicide Rates among Young Women’, Mental Health Innovations, 7 September 2022
154. 6·5 per cent in 2000 to 19·7 per cent in 2014, Sally McManus et al., ‘Prevalence of Non-Suicidal Self-Harm and Service Contact, 2000–2014’, Lancet Psychiatry, Vol. 6, pp. 573–81, 4 June 2019
155. Annelies E. van Eeden, Daphne van Hoeken and Hans W. Hoek, ‘Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa’, Current Opinion in Psychiatry, Vol. 34, No. 6, November 2021, pp. 515–24
156. ‘Nearly One in Five Women Screened for Possible Eating Disorder’, NHS, 15 December 2020
157. Richard Adams, ‘Oxford University Admits More Women Than Men for First Time – Ucas’, Guardian, 26 January 2018
158. Mary Curnock Cook, ‘Foreword’ in Nick Hillman and Nicholas Robinson, ‘Boys to Men: The Underachievement of Young Men in Higher Education – and How to Start Tackling It’, Higher Education Policy Institute Report 84, 2016
159. ‘Record Number of Women on FTSE 100 Boards’, GovUK (online), 8 March 2018
160. Working Futures 2010–2020, Evidence Report 41, UK Commission for Employment and Skills, August 2012
161. Nicholas Hellen, Rosamund Urwin and Rosa Ellis, ‘Men Earning over £150,000 Outnumber Women 5–1’, Sunday Times, 7 April 2019
162. Kevin Rawlinson, ‘FTSE Firms’ Excuses for Lack of Women in Boardrooms “Pitiful and Patronising”’, Guardian, 31 May 2018
163. Ross Raisin, ‘Men or Mice: Is Masculinity in Crisis?’, Guardian, 6 October 2017
164. Ibid.
165. David Reilly, ‘Men Think They’re Brighter Than They Are and Women Underestimate Their IQ. Why?’, The Conversation, 14 March 2022
166. Apostolic Constitution of Pope Pius XII, Munificentissimus Deus, Defining the Dogma of the Assumption, November 1, 1950
167. The Case Against the Ordination of Women to the Priesthood, Being the Report of a Commission Appointed by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, Church Information Office, December 1966, Chapter 5, in Women Priests (online)
168. Erin Martise, ‘What Were the Professions of the Twelve Apostles?’, The Classroom (online)
169. The Case Against the Ordination of Women to the Priesthood, Being the Report of a Commission Appointed by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York
170. ‘Sex is Irrelevant to This Office’, Church Times, 3 May 2019
171. Margaret Duggan, Dame Betty Ridley obituary, Guardian, 4 August 2005
172. Sophie Goodchild, ‘Church Pays Millions to Clergy Who Walked Out Over Women Priests’, Independent, 10 March 2002
Afterword
1. Virginia Woolf, ‘Professions for Women’, lecture, January 1931, in The Death of a Moth, Harcourt Brace, 1974, p. 238
2. From 2.5 deaths to 3.6 per 100,000 in 2021, ‘Suicides in England and Wales: 2021 Registrations’, ONS, in ‘ONS Report Shows Alarming Rise in Suicide Rates among Young Women’, Mental Health Innovations, 7 September 2022
3. 6.5 per cent in 2000 to 19.7 per cent in 2014, Sally McManus et al, ‘Prevalence of Non-Suicidal Self-Harm and Service Contact, 2000–2014’, Lancet Psychiatry, Vol. 6, pp. 573–81, 4 June 2019
4. Annelies E. van Eeden, Daphne van Hoeken and Hans W. Hoek, ‘Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa’, Current Opinion in Psychiatry, Vol. 34, No. 6, November 2021, pp. 515–24
5. Amelia Gentleman, ‘“An Explosion”: What Is Behind the Rise in Girls Questioning Their Gender Identity?’, Guardian, 24 November 2022
6. ‘Table of Opposites’, Britannica (online)
7. Marvin Harris, quoted in Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jetha, Sex at Dawn: How We Mate, Why We Stray, and What it Means for Modern Relationships, Harper, 2010, loc 3661
8. Willem Adriaan Bonger, quoted by Joanna Bourke, Rape: A History from 1860 to the Present, Virago, 2007, loc 1872
9. Nina Brochmann, Ellen Stokken Dahl and Lucy Moffatt, The Wonder Down Under: A User’s Guide to the Vagina, Quercus, 2018
10. Jo B. Paoletti, Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America, Indiana University Press, 2012
11. John Horgan, ‘Darwin Was Sexist, and So Are Many Modern Scientists’, Scientific American, 18 December 2017
12. Julia Bush, ‘The Anti-Suffrage Movement’, 5 March 2018
13. Paoletti, Pink and Blue
14. Judith Shapiro in Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (eds), Bodyguards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, Routledge, 1991, p. 253
15. Anne Fausto Sterling, ‘Gender/Sex and the Body’, Psychology Podcast, YouTube
16. Sheila Rowbotham, A Century of Women: The History of Women in Britain and the United States, Viking, 1997, p. 406
17. Paoletti, Pink and Blue
18. Priyanka Aribindi, ’13 Fascinating Careers You Never Knew Barbie Had’, Time, 30 July 2015
19. ‘Stupid Gender Parties’, The Times, 9 September 2020
20. Soma Sara, Everyone’s Invited, Gallery Books, 2023, p. 23
21. Philippe Testard-Vaillant, ‘How Many Sexes Are There?’, CNRS News, 8 January 2016
22. Charles Bremner, ‘Let Me Race Against Men, Says Top Female Cyclist’, The Times, 19 March 2019
23. ‘UK Athletics Want to Prevent Transgender Athletes from Competing in Women’s Category’, Reuters, 3 February 2023
24. Cordelia Fine, Delusions of Gender: The Real Science Behind Sex Differences, Icon Books, 2010
25. Ibid.
26. First Census Estimates on Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation, Census 2021, ONS, 6 January 2023
27. Comparisons of official Ministry of Justice statistics from March/April 2019 (the most recent official count of transgender prisoners): Written evidence submitted by Rosa Freedman, Kathleen Stock and Alice Sullivan, ‘Evidence and Data on Trans Women’s Offending Rates’, GRA 2021, Parliament UK, November 2020
28. ‘Coercive Sex in Prison: Briefing Paper 3’, Commission on Sex in Prison, Howard League for Penal Reform, 2014
29. Michelle M. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, Bloomsbury, 2015, loc 3431
30. Joyce Burnette, ‘An Investigation of the Female–Male Pay Gap during the Industrial Revolution in Britain’, Economic History Review, Vol. 50, No. 2, 1997, pp. 257–81
31. Fine, Delusions of Gender, p. 80
32. Pamela Duncan, ‘UK Gender Gap: Women Paid 90p for £1 Earned by Men’, Guardian, 6 April 2022
33. Peter Craddick-Adams, ‘Women at War: “She-Soldiers” Through the Ages’, BBC History
34. Susan Byrnes, ‘Missing Perspectives: How Women Are Left Out of the News’, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2 December 2020
35. Leslie Young, ‘Drugs Aren’t Tested on Women Like They Are on Men, and It Could Have Deadly Consequences’, Global News, 2 November 2016
36. Alyson McGregor, ‘Why Medicine Often Has Dangerous Side Effects for Women’, TED Talk, 5 November 2015
37. ‘Women Doctors “Best for Female Heart Patients”’, BBC News, 7 August 2018
38. Lindsey Bever, ‘From Heart Disease to IUDs: How Doctors Dismiss Women’s Pain’, Washington Post, 13 December 2022
39. David Morris, The Evil Hours, quoted in Rebecca Solnit, The Mother of All Questions: Further Feminist Essays, Haymarket Books, 2017, loc 467
40. Suzannah Weiss, ‘“Fear of the Clit”: A Brief History of Medical Books Erasing Women’s Genitalia’, Vice, 3 May 2017
41. Rebecca Jennings, A Lesbian History of Britain: Love and Sex Between Women since 1500, Greenwood Publishing, 2007, p. 15
42. Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, Yale University Press, 1995, p. 35
43. Ibid.
44. Patri J. Pugliese, ‘Robert Hooke’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
45. Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: Two Centuries of the Experts’ Advice to Women, Random House, 2005, loc 2369
46. Jeanette Winterson in The Times, 21 August 2019
47. Weiss, ‘“Fear of the Clit”’
48. Brochmann et al., The Wonder Down Under: A User’s Guide to the Vagina, Quercus, 2018
49. Weiss, ‘“Fear of the Clit”’
50. William Shakespeare, King Lear, Act IV, scene 6
51. Daisy Payling, ‘Selling Shame: Feminine Hygiene Advertising and the Boundaries of Permissiveness in 1970s Britain’, Gender and History, Wiley Online, 2023
52. Leonard Shlain, Sex, Time, and Power: How Women’s Sexuality Shaped Human Evolution, 2004, p. 182
53. Ben Panko, ‘This High-Ranking Viking Warrior Was a Woman’, Smithsonian Magazine, 11 September 2017
54. Rosamund Urwin, ‘Odin’s Beard! Transgender Vikings May Have Played a Key Role in Pillage Life’, Sunday Times, 16 August 2020
55. Nadia Brooks, ‘DNA Tests Solve Mystery of Finnish Warrior Buried in Women’s Clothes’, The Times, 2 August 2021
56. Ida Emilie Steinmark, ‘Archaeology’s Sexual Revolution’, Observer, 16 January 2022
57. Olwen Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, Knopf, 1996, p. 219
58. Sara, Everyone’s Invited, loc 919
59. Andrea Dworkin, Right-Wing Women, Perigee Books, 1982, p. 215
Index
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abbeys/convents/nunneries: female hermits (anchoresses), 3, 14, 16, 56; women escaping to safety of, 8, 14; and Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, 12; pilgrim ways, 13; elite/powerful women in, 14–16, 111; as centres of learning/scholarship, 15–16, 36, 111, 121, 228; escaping nuns, 16–17, 53, 106; textile departments, 31; nuns and sex, 60–1, 106, 109–10, 206; women loving women in, 61, 206; impact of Black Death, 68; mismanagement and abuse in, 109–10; Henry VIII’s Compendium Compertorum, 109; loss of in Reformation, 110–12, 205; Mary Ward’s convent at York, 228; nuns in Victorian era, 457
Abbott, Diane, 524
abortion, 287, 361, 485–7, 538, 542, 578; folk traditions, 287, 428, 485, 542
Addison, Joseph, 385
adoption laws, 531–2
Ælfgifu (wife of King Cnut), 5
Aelred of Rievaulx, 16, 61
Æthelflæd (daughter of Wynflæd), 6
agriculture/rural life: in medieval/feudal era, 9–10, 11, 13, 17, 28–31, 67, 68–9, 70, 71, 79, 82; women farm labourers, 9–10, 17, 319; empty land (’waste’), 11, 13; market towns, 13, 17, 35; small-scale industry, 13, 17, 31; wild animals, 13; great famine (1315–18), 17; women’s casual work, 30, 31; impact of Black Death, 67, 68–9, 70, 71; women farmers, 69, 70, 82, 321; country estates, 124, 168, 321; impact of post-Restoration land-grab, 207–11; mechanisation of, 321, 349, 442; courtship traditions, 334–5; childbirth in, 428; Women’s Land Army, 467–8, 494, 501 see also common land
Ahluwalia, Kiranjit, 516
Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA), 491, 491
Albert, Prince, 370–1, 373–4, 442, 443
Aliens Restriction Act (1914), 466
Alkyn, Joan (‘Parliament Joan’), 146
Allan, Maud, 438, 466
Allestree, Richard, 215–16
Americas, first nations in, 298
Anger, Jane, 128
Anglo-Saxon England, 5, 6–9, 36, 52
Anne, Queen, 221, 232, 238, 245, 257–8, 287
Anne of Denmark, 139, 140
Anning, Mary, 329
apprenticeships, 18–19, 30, 148, 233–4, 301–2; female apprentices, 20, 39, 69, 70, 80, 182–3, 222, 223; women training apprentices, 35, 37, 70, 223
Aquinas, Thomas, 42, 60
archaeology, 576–7
archery, 446–7
architecture, 15, 69–70, 111
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, Earl of, 217–18
Aristotle, 54, 63, 253, 562, 564, 574
art: female artists, 15, 31–2, 56, 157–8, 223–4, 225, 298, 322, 322, 379–80; and nunneries, 15; textile artists, 31–2, 56, 223–4; female patrons, 37, 80; courtly love tradition, 64–6, 87, 93, 95–8, 128, 216; botanical artists, 223; portraits of slaves and owners, 296–7; slaves as artist’s models, 298; link between female sexuality and death in, 425; and Princess Louise, 444
Arundel, Eleanor, Countess of, 79
Arundel, Isabella, Countess of, 24
Arundell, Lady Blanche, 143
Ascham, Roger, 132
Ashley, April, 552–3
Asian peoples, 298 see also India
Askew, Anne, 114, 115, 117, 206
Asquith, Herbert Henry, 406
Asquith, Margot, 438, 466
Astell, Mary, 220, 229, 244–5, 259
Astor, Nancy, 409
astronomy, 329
Athelitz, Abbess, 12
athletics, 453–4, 543
d’Aubigny, Catherine Howard, Lady, 144
Austen, Jane, 205, 289
Australia, first nations in, 298
Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS), 489, 498
Axholme, Isle of, 193
Baddeley, Sophia Snow, 386
Badlesmere, Lady, 47
Baird, Dame Vera, 520–1
Baldwin, Stanley, 479
Bamburgh Castle, 44–5, 47
Bamford, Samuel, 353, 355, 372–3
Bank of England, 231
Bankes, Lady Mary, 142–3
banking and finance: female moneylenders, 26–7, 28, 184, 231; and antisemitism, 27–8; barriers to credit/capital for women, 79, 184, 231, 314, 321; credit in fifteenth-century, 81; rapid expansion in 1600s/1700s, 184, 231–2; women after Great War, 474–5
