Normal Women, page 73
219. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 82
220. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 513
221. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 84
222. Ibid.
223. Jean Donnison, ‘A History of the Midwife Profession in the United Kingdom’, in Mayes’ Midwifery, 14th edition, Bailliere Tindall Elsevier, 2011, pp. 13–14
224. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 83
225. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 5332–61
226. J. Loudon, ‘Deaths in Childbed from the Eighteenth Century to 1935’, Medical History, Vol. 30, January 1986, pp. 1–41
227. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 83
228. Ibid.
229. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 25
230. Moody (ed.), The Private Life of an Elizabethan Lady, p. 7
231. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, p. 8
232. Ibid.
233. Malcolm Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft and Evidence in Early Modern England’, Past and Present, Vol. 198, No. 1, 2008, p. 42
234. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 347
235. Charlotte-Rose Millar, Witchcraft, the Devil, and Emotions in Early Modern England, Routledge, 2017, p. 153
236. Laura Gowing, ‘Pendle Witches Lancashire Witches (act. 1612)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
237. William E. Burns, Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 166
238. Gowing, ‘Pendle Witches Lancashire Witches (act. 1612)’
239. Ibid.
240. Burns, Witch Hunts in Europe and America, p. 166
241. James Sharpe, Instruments of Darkness: Witchcraft in Early Modern England, Philadelphia University Press, 1996, p. 129; Gordon Napier, Maleficium: Witchcraft and Witch Hunting in the West, Amberley Publishing Ltd, 2017
242. Louise Jackson, ‘Witches, Wives and Mothers: Witchcraft Persecution and Women’s Confession in Seventeenth-Century England’, Women’s History Review, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 63–84
243. Shannon M. Lundquist, ‘Finding the Witch’s Mark: Female Participation in the Judicial System during the Hopkins Trials 1645–47’, Hamline University, 2014
244. Malcolm Gaskill, ‘Introduction’, in English Witchcraft 1560–1736, ed. James Sharpe, Vol. 3 The Matthew Hopkins Trials, Pickering and Chatto, 2003
245. Pip and Joy Wright, Witches in and around Suffolk, Pawprint Publishing, 2004
246. Jackson, ‘Witches, Wives and Mothers’
247. Gaskill, ‘Introduction’, in English Witchcraft 1560–1736
248. Ivan Bunn and Gilbert Geis, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth Century Witchcraft Prosecution, Routledge, 2005, p. 81
249. Malcolm Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft Trials in England’ in Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 296
250. William Beck and T. Frederick Ball, The London Friends’ Meetings, 1869, pp. 19–20.
251. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 419
252. Ibid., p. 418
253. Nicholas Blundell (1669–1737), The Great Diurnal of Nicholas Blundell, Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1968, in Peter Radford, ‘Picturing Early Women Athletes’, Folger Shakespeare Library, 18 February 2022 (online)
254. P. Seddon, Football Talk: The Language & Folklore of the World’s Greatest Game, Robson, 2004, p. 156
255. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 38
256. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 44
257. Hanawalt, The Wealth of Wives, loc 3172
258. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2823
259. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 1762
260. Ibid.
261. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 135
262. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, loc 1244
263. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2822
264. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 1770
265. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 136
266. Ibid.
267. Harvey, ‘The Work and Mentalité of Lower Orders Elizabethan Women’, p. 428
268. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, pp. 133, 136
269. Wack, ‘Women, Work and Plays in an English Medieval Town’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens
270. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 159
271. Ibid., p. 41
272. Harvey, ‘The Work and Mentalité of Lower Orders Elizabethan Women’, p. 423
273. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, pp. 99, 107 and 253
274. Ibid., p. 128
275. William C. Baer, ‘Early Retailing: London’s Shopping Exchanges 1550–1700’, Business History, Vol. 49, No. 1, January 2007, pp. 29–51
276. Wall (ed.), Two Elizabethan Women, p. 16
277. Baer, ‘Early Retailing’
278. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 249
279. Baer, ‘Early Retailing’
280. Wack, ‘Women, Work and Plays in an English Medieval Town’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens
281. Jane Humphries and Jacob Weisdorf, ‘Wages of Women in England 1260–1850’, Oxford Economic and Social History Working Papers, 127, March 2014, p. 21
282. Ibid.
283. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 103
284. Harvey, ‘The Work and Mentalité of Lower Orders Elizabethan Women’, p. 428
285. Humphries and Weisdorf, ‘Wages of Women in England 1260–1850’, p. 15
286. Robert B. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850: The Emergence of Separate Spheres? Longman, 1998, loc 3396
287. Humphries and Weisdorf, ‘The Wages of Women in England 1260–1850’, Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 75, Issue 2, June 2015, pp. 405–77
288. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, loc 491
289. E.P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past & Present, No. 50, February 1971, pp. 76–136
290. Andy Wood, ‘Subordination, Solidarity and the Limits of Popular Agency in a Yorkshire Valley, c.1596–1615’, Past and Present, Vol. 193, No. 1, 2006, pp. 41–72
291. Ibid., loc 4051
292. Christina Bosco Langert, ‘Hedgerows and Petticoats: Sartorial Subversion and Anti-Enclosure Protest in Seventeenth-Century England’, Early Theatre, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2009, pp. 119–35
293. Wood, ‘Subordination, Solidarity and the Limits of Popular Agency in a Yorkshire Valley, c.1596–1615’
294. William Page and J. W. Willis-Bund (eds), ‘Parishes: Castlemorton’, A History of the County of Worcester, Vol. 4, Victoria County History, 1924, British History Online, pp. 49–53
295. Langert, ‘Hedgerows and Petticoats’
296. Ibid.
297. Ibid.
298. John Walter and Keith Wrightson, ‘Dearth and the Social Order in Early Modern England’, Past and Present, May 1976, No. 71, pp. 22–42
299. Ibid.
300. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 55
301. Lambarde, Eirenarcha, p. 180; M. Dalton, The Countrey Justice: Containing the Practice of the Justices of the Peace out of their Sessions . . ., London, 1622 edn, p. 205
302. Walter and Wrightson, ‘Dearth and the Social Order in Early Modern England’
303. Ibid.
304. Ibid.
305. T. Birch, The Court and Times of Charles the First, ed. R.F. Williams, 2 vols, London, 1848, Vol. 1, p. 17
306. Acts of the Privy Council, 1629–30, pp. 24–5
307. Walter and Wrightson, ‘Dearth and the Social Order’
308. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 4053
309. Ibid., loc 4035 and 4042
310. Ibid., loc 4051 and 3758
311. Ibid., loc 3758
312. Ibid., loc 4010, 4069
313. Ibid., loc 3978, 3713, 3938
314. Ibid., loc 4016
315. Ibid., loc 4018
316. Ibid., loc 4065, 3971
317. Ibid., loc 1383
318. Martin Ingram, ‘Ridings, Rough Music and the “Reform of Popular Culture” in Early Modern England’, Past & Present, November 1984, No. 105, pp. 79–113
319. Ibid.
320. Ibid.
321. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 3621, 3638
322. Ibid., loc 1410, 3648
323. Ibid., loc 3972, 3582
324. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, loc 6191
325. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 234, 235 and 237
326. David Underdown, in Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 466
327. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 3448 and 4093
328. Ibid., loc 3713
329. Patricia-Ann Lee, ‘Mistress Stagg’s Petitioners: February 1642’, The Historian, Vol. 60, No. 2, Winter 1968, pp. 241–56
330. Ibid.
331. Ibid.
332. Sarah Read, ‘A Women’s Revolt’, History Today, Vol. 65, Issue 8, August 2015
333. Ibid.
334. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 3725
335. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 418
336. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 3723
337. Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, p. 167
338. Ibid., p. 160
339. Rebecca Abrams, ‘The Jewish Journey: 4,000 Years in 22 Objects’, Ashmolean Museum, 2017
340. Janet Todd, The Secret Life of Aphra Behn, Rutgers University Press, 2006, Chapter 20
341. Ibid.
342. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 354, 259, 268, 339, 354
343. Christopher Hill, The World Turn’d Upside Down, Penguin, 2020
344. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 33
345. Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women, p. 2
346. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 911
347. Ibid., loc 930
348. Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women, p. 71
349. Wall (ed.), Two Elizabethan Women, p. xxvi
350. David Cressy, ‘Childbed Attendants’, in David Cressy (ed.), Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-cycle in Tudor and Stuart England, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 74
351. Harvey, ‘The Work and Mentalité of Lower Orders Elizabethan Women’, p. 427
352. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 225
353. M.P. Tilley, A Dictionary of Proverbs in England, in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, University of Michigan Press, 1950
354. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 128
355. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 238
356. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 110
357. Frances E. Dolan, ‘Home-Rebels and House-Traitors: Murderous Wives in Early Modern England’, Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 1992
358. Hanawalt, The Wealth of Wives, loc 1963
359. Ian Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Medieval England, Bodley Head, 2008, loc 4359
360. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 3154
361. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 2384
362. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 1326 and 2038
363. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 1489
364. Searle and Stevenson, Documents of the Marriage Liturgy, pp. 166 and 235
365. Mendelson in Prior quoted here by Fletcher, p. 191
366. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 176
367. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 3004
368. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 153
369. Barbara Todd, ‘Widowhood in a Market Town: Abingdon, 1540–1720’, Oxford University, 1983, pp. 22–8, in Prior, Women in English Society 1500–1800
370. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 340
371. Wall (ed.), Two Elizabethan Women, p. xiv
372. Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, pp. 34, 40, 35
373. Ibid., p. 40
374. Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, p. 242
375. Ibid., p. 246
376. Ibid., p. 5
377. John Boswell, Same Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe, Villard Books, 1994, p. 262
378. Christian D. Knudsen, Naughty Nuns and Promiscuous Monks: Monastic Sexual Misconduct in Late Medieval England, PhD thesis, University of Toronto, 2012, p. 115
Part 5: 1660–1764 Locked Out and Locked In
1. Richard Harvey, ‘English Pre-industrial Ballads on Poverty, 1500–1700’, The Historian, Vol. 46, No. 4, August 1984, pp. 539–61, p. 557
2. John Lawrence, The Modern Land Steward, London, 1801, p. 158; Report from the Select Committee on Commons’ Inclosure (1844), p. 583 (v), 185
3. Jay Walljasper, ‘Stealing the Common from the Goose’, On the Commons, 18 January 2013 (online)
4. Ian Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, Bodley Head, 2017, loc 5223
5. Ibid., loc 745 and 1290
6. Jane Humphries and Jacob Weisdorf, ‘The Wages of Women in England 1260–1850’, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 75, Issue 2, June 2015, pp. 405–77
7. E.A. Wrigley, ‘Urban Growth and Agricultural Change: England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 15, No. 4, Spring 1985, pp. 683–728
8. Judith Flanders, ‘Slums’, British Library (online), 15 May 2014
9. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 1698
10. Ibid., loc 1321, 1400
11. Ibid., loc 1072, 1162
12. E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common, New Press, 1993, p. 189
13. E.P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past and Present, No. 50, 1971, pp. 76–136
14. ‘Lyme Rebels’, Lyme Regis Museum display board, Lyme Regis visit August 2021
15. Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, Clarendon Press, 1998, p. 427
16. Ned Palmer, A Cheesemonger’s History of the British Isles, Profile, 2019, pp. 200, 201
17. Donal Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar, Ex-classics Project, Vol. 3, p. 143, 2009
18. Olwen Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, Knopf, 1996
19. Bernard Capp, When Gossips Meet: Women, Family, and Neighbourhood in Early Modern England, Oxford University Press, 2003, loc 4084
20. Robert B. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850: The Emergence of Separate Spheres? Longman, 1998, loc 5073
21. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 467
22. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 1510
23. Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud, Harvard University Press, 1990, loc 2860
24. Ibid., loc 285
25. Ronald Trumbach, ‘London’s Sapphists’, in Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (eds), Bodyguards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, Routledge, 1991, p. 112
26. Laqueur, Making Sex, loc 178
27. Chris Nyland, ‘John Locke and the Social Position of Women’, History of Political Economy, Vol. 25, 1993, pp. 39–63
28. Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, Yale University Press, 1995, p. 289
29. Ilza Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease, University of Chicago, 1965, p. 23
30. Marlene LeGates, ‘The Cult of Womanhood in Eighteenth-Century Thought’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, Autumn, 1976, p. 35
31. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 64
32. Richard Allestree, The Ladies Calling, 1673, loc 752
33. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 420
34. LeGates, ‘The Cult of Womanhood in Eighteenth-Century Thought’, p. 39
35. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England, 1500–1800, p. 384
36. Allestree, The Ladies Calling, loc 278
37. Ibid., loc 1186
38. Ibid., loc 2407
39. Ibid., loc 2470
40. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 418
41. Maureen Bell, ‘Elizabeth Calvert’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
42. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 5047
43. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 427
44. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 3758
45. Martin Haile, Queen Mary of Modena: Her Life and Letters, J.M. Dent, 1905, p. 139
46. Elizabeth Gaunt, Mrs Elizabeth Gaunt’s Last speech who was burnt at London, Oct. 23. 1685. as it was written by her own hand, & delivered to Capt. Richardson keeper of Newgate, London, 1685
47. Charles Spencer, Killers of the King: The Men Who Dared to Execute Charles I, Bloomsbury, 2014, pp. 300–1
48. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 4078
49. Ibid., loc 4084
50. John Locke, 1689, in Nyland, ‘John Locke and the Social Position of Women’, p. 8
51. Laura Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, Routledge, 2012, p. 26
52. Reports of the Society for bettering the condition and increasing the comforts of the poor (1798–1808), Vol. 5, p. 84, in Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 157
53. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 159
54. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, pp. 49 and 42
55. Margaret Hunt, ‘English Lesbians in the Long Eighteenth Century,’ in Judith M. Bennett and Amy M. Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990, p. 280
56. Amy Louise Erickson, ‘Clockmakers, Milliners and Mistresses: Women Trading in the City of London Companies 1700–1750’, Letters before the Law conference held at the Clark Library, UCLA, 3–4 October 2008
57. Ibid.
58. Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, p. 250
