Normal Women, page 74
59. Ibid., p. 251
60. Lisa Picard, Restoration London: Everyday life in the 1660s, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1997, loc 3576
61. Zara Anishanslin, Portrait of a Woman in Silk: Hidden Histories of the British Atlantic World, Yale University Press, 2016, p. 154
62. Ibid., p. 155
63. Ibid., p. 115
64. Ibid., p. 79
65. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 3236
66. Ibid., loc 3049
67. Picard, Restoration London, loc 530
68. Ibid.
69. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 3428
70. William C. Baer, ‘Early Retailing, London’s Shopping Exchanges, 1550–1700’, Business History, 2007, Vol. 49, No. 1, p. 32
71. Ibid., p. 34
72. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 6585
73. Mark Bridge, ‘Prize Fighting Women of Victorian Britain . . .’ History First, 12 Jan 2023
74. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 7091
75. Betty Rizzo, Companions Without Vows: Relationships Among Eighteenth-Century British Women, University of Georgia, 1994, p. 26
76. Anishanslin, Portrait of a Woman in Silk, p. 32
77. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 54
78. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 242
79. Ibid., p. 241
80. W. Henry, ‘Hester Hammerton and Women Sextons in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century England’, Gender & History, Vol. 31, No. 2, July 2019, pp. 404–21
81. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 57
82. National Archive, RG 6/1168D: Quarterly Meeting of London and Middlesex: Burial notes (1785–1794) in Anna Ruth Cusack, The Marginal Dead of London c.1600–1800, Thesis, Birkbeck Institutional Research Online, p. 198
83. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 57
84. Ibid.
85. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 71
86. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 58
87. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 72
88. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 4959
89. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 367
90. Picard, Restoration London, loc 3942
91. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 2695
92. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, pp. 365, 367
93. Picard, Restoration London, loc 3585
94. Laqueur, Making Sex, loc 3695
95. Susie Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914: A Social History, Phoenix Press, 2003, loc 993
96. Rizzo, Companions Without Vows, p. 16
97. Amy Erickson, ‘Identifying Women’s Occupations in Early Modern London’, History of Population and Social Structure, University of Cambridge, 1999
98. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 1702
99. Ian Mortimer, The Dying and the Doctors: The Medical Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England, Boydell Press, 2009, p. 206
100. Max Adams, Unquiet Women, Head of Zeus, 2018, loc 3394
101. Ibid.
102. Mortimer, The Dying and the Doctors, p. 19
103. Ibid., p. 125
104. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 2048
105. David S. Katz, Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603–1655, Clarendon Press, 1982, p. 3
106. Cecil Roth, The History of the Marranos, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932, p. 270
107. N.I. Matar, ‘Islam in Interregnum and Restoration England’, The Seventeenth Century, Vol. 6, Issue 1, 1991, pp. 57–71, p. 64
108. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 3236
109. Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, George Bell & Sons, 1896
110. Helen Smith, ‘“Print[ing] Your Royal Father Off”: Early Modern Female Stationers and the Gendering of the British Book Trades’, Vol. 15, 2003, pp. 163–86
111. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 244
112. Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, p. 251
113. Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, Pluto Press, 1984, p. 75
114. Peter Rushton and Gwenda Morgan, Banishment in the Early Atlantic World: Convicts, Rebels and Slaves, Bloomsbury, 2013, p. 12
115. Anishanslin, Portrait of a Woman in Silk, p. 127
116. Ibid., p. 158
117. Ibid., pp. 155 and 158
118. Mary Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, Routledge, 2016, p. 66
119. Ibid., p. 69
120. Ibid., p. 85
121. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, ch 9, 1792
122. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 342
123. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 2103 and 6502
124. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 1674
125. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 343
126. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 1468
127. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 339
128. Laqueur, Making Sex, loc 4452
129. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 343
130. Fryer, Staying Power, p. 46
131. Dermot Feenan, The Omitted Page, 26 September 2021 (online)
132. Fryer, Staying Power, p. 59
133. Ibid., p. 228
134. LMA, MJ/SBB 472, p. 41, in Patricia Crawford and Laura Gowing, Women’s Worlds in Seventeenth-Century England: A Sourcebook, Routledge, 2000, p. 76
135. Daily Journal, 8 August 1728, from Runaway Slaves in Britain: Bondage, Freedom and Race in the Eighteenth Century, University of Glasgow (online)
136. Daily Advertiser, 29 February 1748, from Runaway Slaves in Britain: Bondage, Freedom and Race in the Eighteenth Century, University of Glasgow (online)
137. Fryer, Staying Power, p. 72
138. Ibid., p. 69
139. Robin L. Gordon, Searching for the Soror Mystica, The Lives and Science of Women Alchemists, University Press of America, 2013, p. 11
140. ‘The Humble Salutation and Faithful Greeting of the Widow Whitrowe to King William’, 1690, Special Collections, Birkbeck
141. Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, p. 168
142. Matar, ‘Islam in Interregnum and Restoration England’
143. Prior, (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, p. 169
144. Gordon, Searching for the Soror Mystica, pp. 127–83
145. Ibid.
146. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 440
147. Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, p. 137
148. Ibid., p. 142
149. Ibid., p. 150
150. Ibid., pp. 146 and 149
151. Warren Chernaik, ‘Katherine Philips’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
152. Ibid.
153. Rizzo, Companions Without Vows, p. 5
154. Picard, Restoration London, loc 3950
155. Joan Kelly quoted in Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 939
156. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 974
157. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 446
158. Ibid., p. 432
159. Ibid., p. 447
160. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 6124
161. Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, p. 172
162. Ibid.
163. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 438
164. Ibid., p. 443
165. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 997
166. Emma Donoghue, Passions Between Women, Bello, 2014, p. 137
167. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 443
168. Peter Radford, ‘Women as Athletes in Early Modern Britain’, Early Modern Women, Vol. 10, No. 2, Spring 2016
169. Ibid.
170. Ibid.
171. Christopher Thrasher, ‘Disappearance: How Shifting Gendered Boundaries Motivated the Removal of Eighteenth Century Boxing Champion Elizabeth Wilkinson from Historical Memory’, Past Imperfect, Vol. 18, 2012
172. Radford, ‘Women as Athletes in Early Modern Britain’
173. Sarah Murden, ‘18th Century Female Bruisers’, All Things Georgian (online), 21 June 2016
174. From César de Saussure, A Foreign View of England in the Reigns of George I and George II, 1902, pp. 277–82, in Radford, ‘Women as Athletes in Early Modern Britain’
175. Thrasher, ‘Disappearance’
176. Peter Radford, Letter to Editor, The Times, 30 July 2021
177. P. Seddon, Football Talk: The Language & Folklore of the World’s Greatest Game, Robson, 2004, p. 156
178. Janet Todd, Women’s Friendship in Literature, Columbia University Press, 1980, p. 306
179. LeGates, ‘The Cult of Womanhood in Eighteenth-Century Thought’, p. 39
180. Ibid., p. 38
181. Ibid.
182. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 68
183. Maxine Berg and Helen Clifford, Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe 1650–1850, Manchester University Press, 1999, p. 218
184. Philippa Gregory, The Popular Fiction of the Eighteenth-Century Commercial Circulating Libraries, unpublished Phd thesis, Edinburgh, 1984
185. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 2056
186. Marilyn Yalom, A History of the Wife, HarperCollins, 2001, p. 111
187. Esther Webber, ‘Gretna Green: The Bit of Scotland Where English People Go to Get Married’, BBC News, 19 August 2014
188. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 2126
189. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, pp. 395–6
190. Picard, Restoration London, loc 2139
191. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 182
192. Henry Fielding, The Female Husband, 1746, p. 51
193. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 394
194. Ibid.
195. Ibid., p. 392
196. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 52
197. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 2817
198. Ibid., loc 2826
199. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 2054 and 2059
200. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 286
201. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 43
202. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 2316 and 2321
203. Gentleman’s Magazine, 1731, cited in Judy Egerton, ‘Mary Edwards’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
204. Egerton, ‘Mary Edwards’
205. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 2334, 2341
206. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 2117
207. Harriette Andreadis, ‘The Erotics of Female Friendship in Early Modern England’, in Susan Frye and Karen Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens: Women’s Alliances in Early Modern England, Oxford University Press, 1999
208. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 235
209. Ibid., p. 242
210. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, Bello, 2014. pp. 112, 129
211. Molly McClain, ‘Love, Friendship, and Power: Queen Mary II’s Letters to Frances Apsley’, Journal of British Studies, Vol. 47, No. 3, 2008, pp. 505–27
212. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 21
213. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 246
214. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, p. 132
215. Ibid., p. 140
216. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 245
217. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, p. 134
218. Ibid., p. 135
219. Todd, Women’s Friendship in Literature, p. 386
220. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 246
221. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, p. 174
222. ‘James and Mary Kendall’, Westminster Abbey (online)
223. Anishanslin, Portrait of a Woman in Silk, p. 67
224. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, p. 150
225. Todd, Women’s Friendship in Literature, p. 364
226. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, pp. 4–5
227. Ibid., pp. 291, 162
228. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 247
229. Margaret Hunt, ‘English Lesbians in the Long Eighteenth Century,’ in Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, p. 282
230. Todd, Women’s Friendship in Literature, p. 321
231. Fielding, The Female Husband, p. 51
232. Patricia Crawford and Sara Mendelson, ‘Sexual Identities in Early Modern England: The Marriage of Two Women in 1680’, in Gender and History, Vol. 7, No. 3, November 1995, Blackwell, p. 360
233. ‘Love in the Royal Court: Arabella Hunt’, LGBT+ Royal Histories, Historic Royal Palaces (online)
234. Sara Cunningham deposition quoted in Mendelson and Crawford, ‘Sexual Identities in Early Modern England’, p. 372
235. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 248
236. Amy Poulter deposition quoted in Mendelson and Crawford, ‘Sexual Identities in Early Modern England’, p. 373
237. Ibid., p. 367
238. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 20
239. Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar, Vol. 2, p. 100
240. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, p. 72
241. Ibid., p. 74
242. Ibid.
243. Ibid., p. 72
244. Ibid., p. 78
245. Ibid., pp. 75–6
246. Fielding, The Female Husband, p. 32
247. Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar, Vol. 3, p. 35
248. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, p. 99
249. Mihoko Suzuki, ‘The Case of Mary Carleton: Representing the Female Subject, 1663–73’, Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, Vol. 12, No. 1, Spring 1993, pp. 61–83
250. Janet Todd, ‘Carleton (née Moders), Mary (nicknamed the German Princess)’, Online Dictionary of National Biography, 2004
251. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, pp. 108, 111, 112
252. Steve Murdoch, ‘John Brown: A Black Female Soldier in the Royal African Company’, World History Connected, Vol. 2, 2004
253. ‘The Gentleman’s Journal: Or the Monthly Miscellany’ [ed. Pierre Antoine Motteux], April 1692, London, pp. 22–3, quoted in Crawford and Gowing, Women’s Worlds in Seventeenth-Century England
254. Ibid.
255. Trumbach, ‘London’s Sapphists’, p. 123
256. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, pp. 100–8
257. Captain Charles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates, T. Warner, 1724
258. ‘Joan Phillips, Highwaywoman’, West Bridgford & District Local History Society (online)
259. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 808 and 812
260. Trumbach, ‘London’s Sapphists’, p. 124
261. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 335
262. Ann Rosalind Jones and Peter Stallybrass, ‘Fetishizing Gender: Constructing the Hermaphrodite in Renaissance Europe’, in Epstein and Straub (eds), Bodyguards, p. 101
263. Trumbach, ‘London’s Sapphists’, p. 117
264. Edward Ward, ‘Of the Mollies Club’, Satyrical Reflections on Clubs, Vol. V, J. Phillips, 1710, cited Rictor Norton (ed.), Rictor Norton (online)
265. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 321
266. Susan S. Lanser, ‘The Rise of the British Nation and the Production of the Old Maid,’ in Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, p. 298
267. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 50
268. Thomas Newton’s 1576 The Touchstone of Complexions, cited David Wilson, ‘Oat, Sow One’s Wild Oats, Feel One’s Oats’, Word Origins (online), 18 November 2022
269. Lanser, ‘The Rise of the British Nation and the Production of the Old Maid’, p. 297
270. Donoghue, Passions Between Women, p. 136
271. Picard, Restoration London, loc 3662
272. Yalom, A History of the Wife, p. 114
273. Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, p. 24
274. Rizzo, Companions Without Vows, pp. 306, 310
275. Lanser, ‘The Rise of the British Nation and the Production of the Old Maid’, pp. 310, 314
276. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 6137
277. Cusack, The Marginal Dead of London, c.1600–1800
278. Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar, Vol. 2, p. 239
279. Ibid., p. 239, p. 343
280. Dolan, ‘Home-Rebels and House-Traitors’
281. Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar, ‘Madam Churchill’ (online)
282. Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar (online)
283. Beattie quoted by Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 6435
284. Old Bailey Proceedings Online, ‘Trial of Alice Gray, 23 April 1707’, v. 7, ref. 17070423-26
285. Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar, supplement 3, p. 117.
286. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 384
287. Ibid., supplement 3, p. 15
288. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 6481
289. Picard, Restoration London, loc 4976
290. Ibid.
291. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, p. 456
292. Elizabeth Gaunt, Mrs Elizabeth Gaunt’s Last speech who was burnt at London, Oct. 23. 1685. as it was written by her own hand, & delivered to Capt. Richardson keeper of Newgate, London, 1685
293. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 1469
294. Ibid., loc 2214, 1436
