Normal Women, page 75
295. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 6373
296. Jonathan Barry, Witchcraft and Demonology in South-West England, 1640–1789, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 61–2
297. William E. Burns, Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 75
298. Owen Davies, ‘Jane Wenham (d. 1730)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
299. Malcolm Gaskill, ‘Witchcraft Trials in England’ in Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 298
300. W. Carnochan, ‘Witch-Hunting and Belief in 1751: The Case of Thomas Colley and Ruth Osborne’, Journal of Social History, Vol. 4, Issue 4, 1971, pp. 389–403
301. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Vol. 1, 1765, pp. 442–5
302. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 291
303. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 2279
304. Ibid., loc 5108 and 2286
305. Ibid., loc 6389
306. Dolan, ‘Home-Rebels and House-Traitors’
307. Old Bailey Proceedings Online, ‘Trial of Mary Henderson, John Wheeler, Margaret Pendergrass, 1 May 1728’, ref. 17280501
308. Rebecca Frances King, ‘Rape in England 1600–1800: Trials, Narratives and the Question of Consent’, Durham theses, 1998, Durham University
309. Wayne R. LaFave, ‘Rape: Overview, Act and Mental State’, Substantive Criminal Law, 2000, pp. 752–6
310. King, ‘Rape in England 1600–1800’
311. Nazife Bashar, published by the London Feminist History Group in 1983, cited in King, ‘Rape in England 1600–1800’
312. King, ‘Rape in England 1600–1800’
313. Linda E. Merians, ‘The London Lock Hospital and the Lock Asylum for Women’, in Linda E. Merians (ed.) The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, Vol. 128, University Press of Kentucky, 1996, pp. 128–45
314. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 5724
315. Ibid., loc 5887
316. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 185
317. J. Loudon, ‘Deaths in Childbed from the Eighteenth Century to 1935’, Medical History, Vol. 30, January 1986, pp. 1–41
318. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Restoration Britain, loc 5515
319. Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar, Vol. 2, p. 295
320. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 25
321. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 393
322. Ibid.
323. David Pearce, ‘Charles Meigs, 1792–1869’, General Anaesthesia (online)
324. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, pp. 197–201
Part 6: 1765–1857 Making a Lady
1. ‘Lives Remembered: Enslaved People in the 1700s and 1800s’, Historic England (online)
2. Stephen Usherwood, ‘The Abolitionists’ Debt to Lord Mansfield’, History Today, Vol. 31, 3 March 1981
3. Daily Courant, 26 June 1711, from Runaway Slaves in Britain: Bondage, Freedom and Race in the Eighteenth Century, University of Glasgow (online)
4. Sylvester Douglas, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of King’s Bench: In the Nineteenth, Twentieth and Twenty-first Years of the Reign of George III, 1778–1785, Reed and Hunter, 1831, p. 301
5. ‘Monk, of the Order of St Francis’, Nocturnal Revels, or the History of King’s Place and other Modern Nunneries, comparing their mysteries, devotions and sacrificies, Vol. II, Goadby, 1779, pp. 75–6
6. Catherine Arnold, The Sexual History of London, St Martin’s, 2012, Chapter 6
7. Sarah Salih (ed.), The History of Mary Prince: A West Indian Slave, first published 1830, Penguin, 2000, p. 5
8. Ibid., p. 28
9. Usherwood, ‘The Abolitionists’ Debt to Lord Mansfield’
10. Ibid.
11. Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, Pluto Press, 1984, p. 229
12. Roberto C. Ferrari, ‘Fanny Eaton’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2020
13. Adin Ballou, Christian Non-Resistance, in All Its Important Bearings, Illustrated and Defended, J. Miller M’Kim, 1846, p. 119
14. H. Young, H. ‘Negotiating Female Property – and Slave-Ownership in the Aristocratic World’, Historical Journal, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2020, pp. 581–602
15. Mary Seacole, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands, 1857, p. 79
16. Ibid.
17. Seacole, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands, pp. 20–1
18. Donal Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar, Ex-classics Project, Vol. 4, p. 85, 2009
19. Ibid., p. 53
20. Ibid., Vol. 5, p. 348
21. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 123
22. Daily Advertiser, 17 June 1743, Runaway Slaves in Britain: Bondage, Freedom and Race in the Eighteenth Century, University of Glasgow (online)
23. Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 25 March 1765, Runaway Slaves in Britain: Bondage, Freedom and Race in the Eighteenth Century, University of Glasgow (online)
24. Marian Smith Holmes, ‘The Great Escape from Slavery’, Smithsonian Magazine, 16 June 2010
25. Ellen Craft, quoted in Clare Midgley, ‘Anti-Slavery and Feminism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’ in Gender & History, Vol. 5, No. 3, Autumn 1993, pp. 343–62
26. Midgley, ‘Anti-Slavery and Feminism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’
27. Sondra A. O’Neale, ‘Phillis Wheatley’, Poetry Foundation (online)
28. Debra Michals, ‘Phillis Wheatley’, US National Women’s History Museum, 2015 (online)
29. O’Neale, ‘Phillis Wheatley’
30. Fryer, Staying Power, p. 60
31. Ibid., p. 95
32. Lawrence, W. Read, ‘The Heroines of the British Abolition,’ Foundation for Economic Education, 7 August 2019
33. Midgley, ‘Anti-Slavery and Feminism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’
34. Anne K. Mellor, ‘Sex, Violence, and Slavery: Blake and Wollstonecraft’, Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 3/4, 1995, pp. 345–70
35. Erika Rackley and Rosemary Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks: Celebrating the History of Women and Law in the UK and Ireland, Bloomsbury, 2018, loc 1601
36. Midgley, ‘Anti-Slavery and Feminism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’
37. Robert B. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850: The Emergence of Separate Spheres? Longman, 1998, loc 5332
38. A Vindication of Female Anti-Slavery Associations, in Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 5393
39. Midgley, ‘Anti-Slavery and Feminism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’
40. Ibid.
41. Sarah Ellis, quoted in Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud, Harvard University Press, 1990, loc 3925
42. Midgley, ‘Anti-Slavery and Feminism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’
43. Ryan Hanley, ‘Slavery and the Birth of Working-Class Racism in England, 1814–1833: The Alexander Prize Essay’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 26, December 2016, pp. 103–23
44. Robert Harborough Sherard, The White Slaves of England, Bowden, 1898, p. 239
45. Fryer, Staying Power, p. 210
46. Ibid., p. 209
47. Ibid., p. 71
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., p. 235
50. Anna Clarke, ‘The New Poor Law and the Breadwinner Wage: Contrasting assumptionsAssumptions’, Journal of Social History, Vol. 34, No. 2, Winter 2000, pp. 261–81
51. W.R. Greg, ‘Why Are Women Redundant?’, N. Trübner & Co, 1869, pp. 33–4
52. Olwen Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, Knopf, 1996, p. 60
53. ‘breadwinner’, Online Etymology Dictionary
54. Joyce Burnette, ‘An Investigation of the Female–Male Pay Gap during the Industrial Revolution in Britain’, Economic History Review, Vol. 50, No. 2, 1997, pp. 257–81
55. Imraan Coovadia, ‘A Brief History of Pin-Making’, Politikon South African Journal of Political Studies, April 2008
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. ‘Address of the Female Political Union of Newcastle’, Northern Star, 2 February 1839
59. Sheila Rowbotham, A Century of Women: The History of Women in Britain and the United States, Viking, 1997, p. 19
60. H. Hartmann, ‘Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex’, Signs, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1976, pp. 137–69, p. 157
61. Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, Clarendon Press, 1998, p. 58
62. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 4317
63. Ibid., loc 3787
64. Grace di Meo, quoted in Mark Bridge, ‘Prizefighting Women of Victorian Britain . . .’ History First (online), 12 January 2023
65. Dorothy George quoted in Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 3861
66. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 3644
67. Susie Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914: A Social History, Phoenix Press, 2003, loc 674
68. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 3655
69. Ibid., loc 3644
70. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 695
71. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 5453, 5463
72. Ibid., loc 3537 and loc 3713
73. Women’s Trade Union Review, cited ‘Campaigning for a Minimum Wage’, The Women Chainmakers’ (online)
74. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 3613
75. Henry Mayhew and Christopher Hibbert, London Characters and Crooks, Folio Society, 1996, p. 215
76. National Archive, RG 6/1168D: Quarterly Meeting of London and Middlesex: Burial notes (1785–1794) in Anna Ruth Cusack, The Marginal Dead of London c.1600–1800. Thesis, Birkbeck Institutional Research Online, p. 198
77. W. Henry, ‘Hester Hammerton and Women Sextons in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century England’, Gender & History, Vol. 31, No. 2, July 2019, pp. 404–21
78. Jon Stobart, The Shopping Streets of Provincial England, 1650–1840, Manchester Metropolitan University, 23 April 2014
79. Simon Rottenberg, ‘Legislated Early Shop Closing in Britain’, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 4, October 1981, pp. 118–30
80. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 4268 and 4285
81. Henry Mayhew, quoted in The Flower Girls of 1851, Spitalfields Life (online), 11 October 2010
82. Mayhew and Hibbert, London Characters and Crooks, p. 195
83. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, p. 188
84. Ibid., loc 3767
85. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 373
86. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 3471
87. The Society of Artists of Great Britain 1760–1791, The Free Society of Artists 1761–1783, A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work from the Foundation of the Societies to 1791, by Algernon Graves, London, 1907, p. 60
88. Lyme Regis Museum, visit August 2021
89. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, p. 187
90. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 515
91. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 3822
92. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, pp. 80–1
93. Burnette, ‘An Investigation of the Female–Male Pay Gap during the Industrial Revolution in Britain’
94. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 1130
95. Davidoff, ‘The Rationalization of Housework’, in Dependence and Exploitation in Work and Marriage, eds Diana Leonard Barker and Sheila Allen, Longman, 1976, p. 132
96. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 4182 and 4197
97. Joanna Major, ‘Hannah Norsa, 18th Century Actress: The Intricacies of Relationships Within Her Circle’, Georgian Theatre and Music, Women’s History, 10 February 2014
98. Davidoff, ‘The Rationalization of Housework’, p. 127; Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 1000
99. ‘Was Pin Money Really for Pins?’, Grammarphobia, 1 March 2019
100. William Hoke, ‘How Women Wove Tax and Suffrage Together’, Tax Notes International, 14 May 2018
101. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 3917
102. Ibid., loc 4782
103. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 3240
104. Ibid., loc 3278
105. Ibid., loc 3292
106. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 4725
107. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, Yale University Press, 1995, p. 373
108. Geoffrey Chamberlain, ‘British Maternal Mortality in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, Vol. 99, No. 11, November 2006, pp. 559–63
109. Thomas Right, ‘Working Men’s Homes and Wives’, The Great Unwashed, 1868, quoted in Alison Twells, British Women’s History: A Documentary History from the Enlightenment to World War One, Bloomsbury, 2007, p. 29
110. Christine Hallett, ‘The Attempt to Understand Puerperal Fever in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: The Influence of Inflammation Theory’, Medical History, Vol. 49, Issue 1, January 2005, pp. 1–28
111. Chamberlain, ‘British Maternal Mortality in the 19th and Early 20th centuries’
112. Druin Burch, ‘When Childbirth Was Natural, and Deadly’, Live Science, 10 January 2009 (online)
113. Arthur Ashpitel, Observations on Baths and Wash-Houses, John Weale, 1852, pp. 2–14
114. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 393
115. Sara Heller Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women: Three Studies, Harvester Press, 1987, p. 192
116. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 2338
117. Marilyn Yalom, A History of the Wife, HarperCollins, 2001, p. 182
118. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 268
119. Ibid., loc 1438
120. Helena Whitbread, The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister, Whitbread, 1990, loc 4557
121. Rachel P. Maines, The Technology of Orgasm: ‘Hysteria’, the Vibrator and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction, Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology, 1999, loc 548
122. Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: Two Centuries of the Experts’ Advice to Women, Random House, 2005, loc 2626
123. Conduct book in Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 1617
124. ‘lovemaking’, Online Etymology Dictionary
125. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 265
126. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 2296, 2308
127. Ibid., loc 993
128. Midgley, ‘Anti-Slavery and Feminism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’
129. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 5081
130. ‘Am I Not a Woman & a Sister?’, Encyclopedia Virginia (online)
131. Mellor, ‘Sex, Violence, and Slavery: Blake and Wollstonecraft’
132. Ibid.
133. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 3099
134. Sarah Ellis, Daughters of England, 1845, quoted in Emma Donoghue, The Sealed Letter, Picador, 2011, p. 216
135. Rizzo, Companions Without Vows, p. 23
136. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 5150
137. Ibid., loc 5305
138. Midgley, ‘Anti-Slavery and Feminism in Nineteenth-Century Britain’
139. ‘Orator Hunt and the First Suffrage Petition 1832’, UK Parliament (online)
140. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 2395
141. Diggory Bailey, ‘Breaking Down Gender Stereotypes in Legal Writing’, Civil Service Blog, GovUK (online), 10 January 2020
142. Janet Smith, ‘First Woman Prospective Parliamentary Candidate, Helen Taylor, 1885’, in Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 2408
143. Lucy Williams and Sandra Waklate, ‘Policy Responses to Domestic Violence: The Criminalisation Thesis and “Learning from History”’, Howard Journal, Vol. 59, No. 3, September 2020, pp. 305–316
144. Henry Fitzroy speaking in Aggravated Assaults Bill, Commons Sitting of 10 March 1853, Series 3, Vol. 124, Hansard Debates, cc 1414
145. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 776
146. Ibid., loc 5270
147. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 1284
148. Joanna Bourke, Rape: A History from 1860 to the Present, Virago, 2007, loc 2406
149. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 5251–2
150. Adrian Randall, Riotous Assemblies: Popular Protest in Hanoverian England, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 1
151. E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common, New Press, 1993, p. 224
152. Randall, Riotous Assemblies, p. 100
153. W. Freeman Galpin, The Grain Supply of England During the Napoleonic Period, Macmillan, 1925
154. C.R. Fay, ‘Corn Prices and the Corn Laws, 1815–1846’, Economic Journal, Vol. 31, No. 121, March 1921, pp. 17–27
155. Randall, Riotous Assemblies, p. 101
156. Derek Benson, ‘The Tewkesbury Bread Riot of 1795’, THS Bulletin, 22 (2013), Tewkesbury History (online)
157. Randall, Riotous Assemblies, p. 212
158. Benson, ‘The Tewkesbury Bread Riot of 1795’
159. Randall, Riotous Assemblies, pp. 224, 232
160. Benson, ‘The Tewkesbury Bread Riot of 1795’
161. Randall, Riotous Assemblies, p. 215
162. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 192
163. Ibid.
164. Randall, Riotous Assemblies, p. 217
165. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 193
166. Gentleman’s Magazine, 29 September 1795, Vol. 65, Part 2, p. 824
167. Benson, ‘The Tewkesbury Bread Riot of 1795’
168. Randall, Riotous Assemblies, p. 319
169. Thompson, Customs in Common, p. 234
170. Ibid., p. 235
171. Randall, Riotous Assemblies, p. 241
172. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 5081
173. Genesis 24, Bible Gateway (online)
174. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 5123
