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Notes
Introduction
1. George Eliot, Middlemarch, A Study of Provincial Life, William Blackwood & Sons, 1871
Part 1: 1066–1348 Doomsday
1. Andrew Bridgeford, 1066: The Hidden History of the Bayeux Tapestry, Walker and Co., 2005, loc 2366
2. Max Adams, Unquiet Women, Head of Zeus, 2018, loc 1928
3. Ibid., loc 1014
4. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, Pelican Books, 1970, p. 53
5. Adams, Unquiet Women, loc 1054
6. Ibid., loc 1070
7. P. Stafford, ‘Women in Domesday’, Reading Medieval Studies, Vol. 15, 1989, pp. 75–94 (p. 81)
8. Hudson, ‘Women in Anglo-Saxon England’
9. Stafford, ‘Women in Domesday’
10. Ibid.
11. Bridgeford, 1066, loc 3115
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., loc 2189
14. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, trans. J.A. Giles and J. Ingram, Project Gutenberg, 1996
15. Stafford, ‘Women in Domesday’, pp. 89 and 90
16. Ibid.
17. Judith A. Green, The Normans: Power, Conquest and Culture in 11th-Century Europe, Yale University Press, 2022, loc 3831
18. John Simkin, ‘William the Conqueror and the Feudal System’, Spartacus Educational, September 1997
19. Bridgeford, 1066, loc 220
20. Thomas Piketty, Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century, Harvard University Press, 2014, p. 344
21. Paul Kingsnorth, ‘High House Prices? Inequality? I Blame the Normans’, Guardian, 17 December 2012
22. ‘To the Manor Born: Mapping the Grosvenor Estate’, Who Owns England? (online), 17 August 2016
23. H.G. Richardson, ‘The Coronation in Medieval England: The Evolution of the Office and the Oath’, Traditio, Vol. 16, 1960, pp. 111–202
24. Green, The Normans, loc 3887
25. Rebecca Abrams, ‘The Jewish Journey: 4,000 Years in 22 Objects’, Ashmolean Museum, 2017
26. Marty Williams and Anne Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal: Women in the Middle Ages, Markus Wiener, 1993, p. 177
27. ‘The Rime of King William’, Peterborough Chronicle/Laud Manuscript, 1087, Bodleian Library MS Laud Misc. 636, f. 65r
28. Mary Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, 1903, p. 174
29. Bridgeford, 1066, loc 2126
30. Adams, Unquiet Women, loc 1971
31. Emma Mason, ‘Invoking Earl Waltheof’, in David Roffe (ed.), The English and Their Legacy, 900–1200: Essays in Honour of Ann Williams, Boydell and Brewer, 2012, pp. 185–204
32. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 62
33. Henrietta Leyser, Medieval Women: Social History of Women in England 450–1500, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2013, loc 3373
34. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 63
35. Ibid., p. 151
36. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 126
37. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2745
38. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 228
39. Caroline Dunn, Stolen Women in Medieval England, Cambridge University Press, 2012, loc 4019
40. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 123
41. Kaya Burgess, ‘Nun Faked Her Death to Pursue Life of Lust’, The Times, 12 February 2019
42. Barbara A. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England, Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 130
43. C.M. Woolgar, The Culture of Food in England 1200–1500, Yale University Press, 2016, loc 4902
44. Mavis E. Mate, Daughters, Wives and Widows after the Black Death: Women in Sussex 1350–1535, Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1998, p. 42
45. Ian Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, Bodley Head, 2012, loc 423
46. G.M. Trevelyan, England Under the Stuarts, 1904, p. 47
47. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 54
48. Frances and Joseph Gies, Women in the Middle Ages: The Lives of Real Women in a Vibrant Age of Transition, Thomas Y. Cromwell, 1973, p. 180
49. Ibid.
50. P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘For Better, For Worse: Marriage and Economic Opportunity for Women in Town and Country’, Women in Medieval English Society, ed. P.J.P. Goldberg, Sutton Publishing England, 1992
51. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 177
52. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 51
53. Ibid., pp. 51 and 55
54. Gwen Seabourne, Royal Regulation of Loans and Sales in Medieval England, Boydell Press, 2003, p. 45
55. Barbara A. Hanawalt, The Wealth of Wives: Women, Law and Economy in Late Medieval London, Oxford University Press, 2007, loc 1436
56. Caroline Barron, ‘Post Pandemic: How the Years after the Black Death Briefly Became a “Golden Age” for Medieval Women’, History Extra, 6 July 2021
57. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 180
58. Woolgar, The Culture of Food in England 1200–1500, loc 2962
59. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, pp. 259–60
60. Barbara J. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550: Marriage and Family, Property and Careers, Oxford University Press, 2002, loc 116
61. Joseph Strutt, The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, Thomas Tegg, 1845
62. John Marshall Carter, ‘Sports and Recreations in Thirteenth-Century England: The Evidence of the Eyre and Coroners’ Rolls – A Research Note’, Journal of Sport History, Vol. 15, No. 2, Summer 1988, pp. 167–73
63. Marilyn Yalom, Birth of the Chess Queen, HarperPerennial, 2005
64. Judith M. Bennett, and Amy M. Froide (eds), Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, pp. 82–105
65. Tracy Borman, ‘Matilda, William the Conqueror’s Queen’, BBC History Magazine, October 2011
66. James Michael Illston, ‘“An Entirely Masculine Activity”? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered’, University of Canterbury, 2009, p. 61
67. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 105
68. Illston, ‘“An Entirely Masculine Activity”?’, p. 55
69. Rowena Archer, ‘How Ladies Who Live on Their Manors . . .’, in Goldberg (ed.), Women in Medieval English Society, p. 150
70. Linda Elizabeth Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage, and Politics in England 1225–1350, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003
71. Archer, ‘How Ladies Who Live on Their Manors . . .’, p. 151
72. T.D. Fosbroke, ‘Abstracts and Extracts of Smyth’s Lives of the Berkeleys’, London, 1821, p. 152, quoted in Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 215
73. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 3609
74. Woolgar, The Culture of Food in England 1200–1500, loc 2444
75. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 124
76. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 3120
77. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 205
78. Magna Carta 1215, Clause 8: The National Archives
79. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 146
80. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 161
81. R.H. Maudsley and J.W. Davies, ‘The Justice of the Peace in England’, University of Miami Law. Review, 517, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1964
82. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 162
83. Ibid.
84. Helen Barker, Rape in Early Modern England: Law, History and Criticism, Palgrave Macmillan, 2021, loc 608
85. Bank of England Inflation Calculator
86. Cheryl Tallan and Suzanne Bartlett, The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women, Jewish Women’s Archive, jwa.org
87. Abrams, ‘The Jewish Journey’
88. Statute of Jewry, 1275. National Archive ref. E164/9 fol. 31d
89. Lionel B. Abrahams, ‘The Expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290 (Continued)’, Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 7, No. 2, January 1895, pp. 236–58, published by University of Pennsylvania Press
90. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 260
91. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound, p. 220
92. Ibid., p. 155
93. Ibid., p. 82
94. Eleanor Janega, The Once and Future Sex: Going Medieval on Women’s Roles in Society, W.W. Norton and Co., 2023, loc 2317
95. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 148
96. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound, p. 225
97. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2574
98. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 177
99. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 159
100. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound, p. 70
101. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Medieval England, Bodley Head, 2008, loc 3136
102. Woolgar, The Culture of Food in England 1200–1500, loc 5341
103. Jane Humphries and Jacob Weisdorf, ‘The Wages of Women in England 1260–1850’, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 75, Issue 2, June 2015, pp. 405–77
104. Ibid.
105. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2550
106. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 154
107. Hanawalt, The Wealth of Wives, loc 2630
108. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 34
109. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 233
110. Adams, Unquiet Women, loc 2156
111. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 57
112. Ibid., p. 178
113. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 161
114. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 3181
115. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 55
116. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 180
117. Woolgar, The Culture of Food in England 1200–1500, loc 1639
118. Williams and Echols, Between Pit and Pedestal, p. 60
119. Smithfield Decretals, c.1340, British Library (Royal 10 E fol. 581)
120. Bridgeford, 1066, loc 265
121. Eleanor Parker, ‘The Cultured Women of Essex’, History Today, Vol. 69, Issue 9 September 2019
122. Ibid.
123. Green, The Normans, loc 4030
124. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 144
125. Ibid., pp. 63, 153, 212, 127, 192, 204
126. Ibid., p. 127
127. Ibid., p. 34
128. Michelle M. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, Bloomsbury, 2015, loc 1834
129. Robin L. Gordon, Searching for the Soror Mystica: The Lives and Science of Women Alchemists, University Press of America, 2013, p. 3
130. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2384
131. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 184
132. Bernard Capp, When Gossips Meet: Women, Family, and Neighbourhood in Early Modern England, Oxford University Press, 2003, loc 3927
133. Carol M. Meale, ‘Women’s Voices and Roles’, in Peter Brown (ed.), A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture c.1350–c.1500, Blackwell, 2007, pp. 74–90
134. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Medieval England, loc 1832
135. Katherine Harvey, The Fires of Lust: Sex in the Middle Ages, Reaktion Books, 2021, loc 3409
136. Janega, The Once and Future Sex, loc 2803
137. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Medieval England, loc 425
138. Harvey, The Fires of Lust, loc 3487
139. Henry Ansgar Kelly, ‘Bishop, Prioress, and Bawd in the Stews of Southwark’, Speculum, Vol. 75, No. 2, April 2000, pp. 342–88
140. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 1658
141. Ibid., loc 1661
142. Harvey, The Fires of Lust, loc 3430
143. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 1678
144. Lindsey McNellis, Let Her Be Taken: Sexual Violence in Medieval England, University of Florida, 2008, p. 83
145. Illston, ‘“An Entirely Masculine Activity”?’, p. 53
146. Ibid.
147. T. Blount, Tenures of land & customs of manors; originally collected by Thomas Blount and republished with large additions and improvements in 1784 and 1815, Reeves and Turner, 1874, p. 110
148. T. Maddox, The history and antiquities of the Exchequer of the kings of England, in two periods: to wit, from the Norman conquest, to the end of the reign of K. John; and from the end of the reign of K. John, to the end of the reign of K. Edward II, W. Owen [etc.], 1769, p. 656
149. Illston, ‘“An Entirely Masculine Activity”?’, p. 96
150. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 148
151. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 34
152. Illston, ‘“An Entirely Masculine Activity”?’, p. 53
153. Ibid.
154. William Hepworth Dixon, Royal Windsor, Vol. 1, 1877, pp. 67–80
155. Agnes Conway, ‘The Family of William Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, Chancellor and Justiciar of England, 1190–1191, Archeologia Cantiana, Vol. 36, 1924
156. Catherine Hanley, ‘Nicola de la Haye’ (online)
157. Illston, ‘“An Entirely Masculine Activity”?’, p. 51
158. Linda Mitchell, Portrait of Medieval Women, Family, Marriage and Politics in England 1225–1330, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, p. 98
159. Illston, ‘“An Entirely Masculine Activity”?’, p. 54
160. Ibid., p. 82
161. Joanna Winfield, ‘Female Warriors in the Middle Ages’, 2011, Women’s History Month (online)
162. Valerie Eads, ‘Means, Motive, Opportunity: Medieval Women and the Recourse to Arms’, Paper Presented at the Twentieth Barnard Medieval & Renaissance Conference ‘War and Peace in the Middle Ages & Renaissance’, 2 December 2006
163. Harvey, The Fires of Lust, loc 3791
164. Illston, ‘“An Entirely Masculine Activity”?’, p. 72
165. Ibid., p. 73
166. Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, p. 177
167. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 34
168. Meg Bogin, The Women Troubadours, W.W. Norton and Company, 1980, p. 32
169. Illston, ‘“An Entirely Masculine Activity”?’, p. 83
170. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Medieval England, p. 240
171. Ibid.
172. Janega, The Once and Future Sex, loc 2596
173. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound, p. 152
174. Ibid., p. 151
175. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2638
176. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound, p. 152
177. Janega, The Once and Future Sex, loc 2462
178. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Medieval England, p. 229
179. Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen of the European Past 1250–1800, pp. 130 and 134
180. Carole Hough, ‘Women and Law in the Anglo-Saxon Period’, 2012, Early English Laws (online)
181. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 435
182. Ben Levick and Roland Williamson, ‘For What It’s Worth’, Regia Anglorum, 1994, 1999 and 2003
183. Dunn, Stolen Women in Medieval England, loc 3040
184. Ibid., loc 145 and 225
185. Ibid., loc 4019
186. Rebecca Frances King, Rape in England 1600–1800: Trials, Narratives and the Question of Consent, Theses, 1998, Durham University
187. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 450
188. John Marshall Carter, Rape in Medieval England: An Historical and Sociological Study, University Press of America, 1985, p. 45
189. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 450
190. McNellis, Let Her Be Taken, p. 1
191. Ibid., p. 40
192. Dunn, Stolen Women in Medieval England, loc 2080
193. McNellis, Let Her Be Taken, p. 67
194. Ibid., p. 1
195. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 478
196. Dunn, Stolen Women in Medieval England, loc 2141
197. Carter, Rape in Medieval England, p. 109
198. Ibid., p. 72
199. Ibid., p. 128
200. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 1678
201. Carter, Rape in Medieval England, p. 130
202. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 1491
203. Marilyn Yalom, A History of the Wife, HarperCollins, 2001, p. 46
204. Ibid., p. 52
205. Bateson, Medieval England 1066–1350, p. 144
206. Mark Searle and Kenneth Stevenson, Documents of the Marriage Liturgy, Liturgical Press, 1992, p. 151
207. Abrams, ‘The Jewish Journey’
208. Dunn, Stolen Women in Medieval England, loc 3461
209. Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, p. 41
210. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2082
211. Adams, Unquiet Women, loc 677
212. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2169
