The Glorious Cause, page 97
38. Ward, II, 782–83. Chapters 71 and 72 in Ward provide a superb account of the chase by Cornwallis of Greene.
39. Wickwires, Cornwallis, 292–93; Ward, II, 785.
40. Ward, II, 786–87.
41. Cornwallis to Germain, March 17, 1781, in Stevens, ed., Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, I, 364. Greene explained his disposition of his troops in a letter to the Continental Congress, March 20, 1781, GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reel 75.
42. Ward, II, 787; Wickwires, Cornwallis, 297–98.
43. Quotations are from Wickwires, Cornwallis, 398. (The Wickwires give a brilliant account of the battle.)
44. Roger Lamb, An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War . . . (Dublin, 1809), 361.
45. Lee, Memoirs, 279; Greene to Sumter, March 16, 1781, Greene Papers, HL.
46. Lamb, Journal, 361–62; Stevens, ed., Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, I, 364–67.
47. Ward, II, 788–90; Wickwires, Cornwallis, 300–302.
48. Lamb, Journal, 362.
49. Stevens, ed., Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, I, 367; Ward, II, 792.
50. This paragraph and the two preceding are based on Ward, II, 791–92; Wickwires, Cornwallis, 303–8; and the accounts by Cornwallis, Greene, Lamb, and Lee cited above.
51. Newsome, ed., “British Orderly Book,” NCHR, 9 (1932), 388; Ward, II, 796–97.
52. Rogers, ed., “Letters of O’Hara,” SCHM, 65 (1964), 177–78; Stedman, History of the American War, II, 382.
53. The quotations, in order, are from Ross, ed., Correspondence of Cornwallis, I, 87, 86, 87.
54. Greene to Joseph Reed, March 18, 1781, and to Steuben, April 4, 1781, Greene Papers, HL.
55. Greene to Steuben, May 14, 1781, ibid.
56. Greene to Reed, May 4, 1781, ibid.; Ward, II, 799–800.
57. Greene to Steuben, April 27, 1781, Greene Papers, HL, for the quotations and an account of the battle.
58. Stevens, Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, I, 495.
59. Ward, II, 812–22.
60. Ibid., 823–26.
61. For the quotation and an account of the battle, Greene to Congress, Sept. 11, 1781, Greene Papers, HL; Ward, II, 827–34.
1. Peckham, Toll, 90, for Eutaw Springs; 132–33 for the comparison of the Revolution and–1 the Civil War.
2. GW Writings, V, 480.
3. Jeanette D. Black and William G. Roelker, A Rhode Island Chaplain in the Revolution: Letters of Ebenezer David to Nicholas Brown,1775–1778 (Providence, R.I., 1949), 13.
4. GW Writings, V, 479–80; Ward, II, 786.
5. Otho Williams, “A Narrative of the Campaign of 1780,” in William Johnson, Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene (2 vols., Charleston, S.C., 1822), 1, 494; A. R. Newsome, ed., “A British Orderly Book, 1780–1781”, NCHR, 9 (1932), 289.
6. For typical references to Providence, see Herbert T. Wade and Robert A. Lively, This Glorious Cause: The Adventures of Two Company Officers in Washington’s Army (Princeton, N.J., 1958).
7. Benjamin Fishburne and others, Orderly Book, June 12–July 13, 1778, BR96, HL.
8. Stedman, History of the American War, II, 38.
9. Roger Lamb, An Original and Authentic Journal of Occurrences During the Late American War . . . (Dublin, 1809), 362.
10. William S. Powell, “A Connecticut Soldier Under Washington: Elisha Bostwick’s Memoirs of the First Years of the Revolution,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 6 (1949), 102.
11. War and Peace, Book XI: 2.
12. See Samuel B. Webb to Silas Deane, Cambridge, July 11, 1775, MHS, Procs., 14 (Boston, 1876), 83.
13. (New York, 1947), especially chapter 10.
14. Eighteenth-century tactics are discussed with discernment by R.R. Palmer, “Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bulow: From Dynastic to National War,” in Edward M. Earle, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler (Princeton, 74; Willcox, Portrait of a General; and Wickwires, Cornwallis. For–N.J., 1943), 49 “locking” and other aspects of firing and marching, see Humphrey Bland, An Abstract of Military Discipline (Boston, 1747); [Edward Harvey], The Manual Exercise As Ordered by His Majesty in 1764 (Boston, [1774]); Timothy Pickering, An Easy Plan of Discipline for a Militia (Salem, Mass., 1775).
15. The Diary of Josiah Atkins (New York, 1975), 38.
16. VG (Dixon and Nicholson), Sept. 6, 1780, contains an account of the extended disposition on the left. Ward, II, 722–30, provides a fine study of the battle, as do the Wickwires, Cornwallis, 149–65.
17. Tench Tilghman to his father, Sept. 19, 1776, Henry P. Johnson, ed., Memoir of Lieut. Col. Tench Tilghman (Albany, N.Y., 1876), 139.
18. Francis Rawdon to the Earl of Huntington, June 20, 1775, Hastings Papers, HL.
19. Charles Willson Peale Diary, Jan. 3, 1777, HL.
20. For a fine study of a Massachusetts town and its militia, see Robert A. Gross, The Minutemen and Their World (New York, 1976); and for a general view of the colonial militia, John Shy, “A New Look at the Colonial Militia,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 20 (1963), 175–85 is outstanding.
21. The conclusions in this paragraph were suggested by Edward C. Papenfuse and Gregory A. Stiverson, “General Smallwood’s Recruits: The Peacetime Career of the Revolutionary War Private,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 30 (1973), 117–32. The Nathanael Greene Papers– in the Huntington Library contain materials which tend to confirm these impressions.
22. Greene to Governor Reed, March 18, 1781, Greene Papers, HL. On Feb. 3, 1781, Greene wrote Governor Nash that 20,000 militia would not provide 500 effective troops, the way they “come and go,” ibid.
23. Stedman, History of the American War, II, 383, 360; Rawdon to the Earl of Huntington, Aug. 3, 1775, Sept. 23, 1776, Hastings Papers, HL.
24. Rawdon to the Earl of Huntington, June 20, 1775, Hastings Papers, HL.
25. To his father, March 9, 1778, in William Gilmore Simms, ed., The Army Correspondence of Colonel John Laurens in the Years 1777–1778 (New York, 1867), 136.
26. Sheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, 354.
27. Henry B. Dawson, ed., Gleanings from the Harvest-field of American History, IV: [Diary of David How] (Morrisania, N.Y., 1865), 28; Jared C. Lobdell, ed., “The Revolutionary War Journal of Sergeant Thomas McCarty,” New Jersey Historical Society, Proceedings, 82 (Newark, N.J., 1964), 45; Powell, “Bostwick’s Memoirs,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 6 (1949), 101.
28. Laurens to his father, Jan. 14, 1779, Simms, ed., Army Correspondence, 108.
29. S. Sidney Bradford, “Hunger Menaces the Revolution, December 1779–January 1780,” MdHM, 61 (1966), 5”23; Worthington C. Ford, ed., Correspondence and Journals of Samuel Blachley Webb (3 vols., New York, 1893–94), II, 231–32.
30. GW Writings, V, 479.
31. Don Higginbotham, The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice 1763–1789, (Bloomington, Ind., 1971), 390–93, esp. 391.
32. Ford, ed., Corr. of Webb, II, 232. See also “Letters of Ebenezer Huntington, 1774–1781,” AHR, 5 (1899–1900), 702–29.
33. JCC, II, 94. For a first-class study of the British system, see Norman Baker, Government and Contractors: The British Treasury and War Supplies, 1775–1783 (London, 1971). See also these fine studies: David Syrett, Shipping and the American War, 1775–1783 (London, 1970), which deals with the transport of supplies across the Atlantic; and R. Arthur Bowler, Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America, 1775–1783 (Princeton, N.J., 1975), a study of the army’s supply services in America.
34. Bowler, Logistics, 122–38.
35. See the articles on Joseph Trumbull and on supply of the Continental Army in Mark Mayo Boatner III, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Bicentennial ed., New York, 1976). Chapters 1–2 in Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775–1939 (Washington, D.C., 1962), are excellent. There is scattered information in Freeman, GW, and Ward as well.
36. Kenneth Rossman, Thomas Mifflin and the Politics of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1952), 49–50, 56, 107, and passim.
37. JCC, VIII, 435–36.
38. There is much on supply in Freeman, GW, vols. III–V, and in GW Papers.
39. Joseph Trumbull to Washington, July 19, 1777, GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reel 42.
40. JCC, VIII, 433–38.
41. These impressions are derived from a reading of letters and reports to Washington in the GW Papers; see esp. T. Mifflin to Washington, March 9, 1777, Ser. 4, Reel 40; and Col. Henry Lutterloh to Washington, Dec. 25, 1777, ibid., Reel 46.
42. Greene to Washington, April 24, 1779, ibid., Reel 57.
43. JCC, VIII, 487, 585–607.
44. Mease to Washington, Jan. 6, May 12, 1777, GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reels 39, 41.
45. E. James Ferguson, ed., The Papers of Robert Morris, 1781–1784 (5 vols. to date, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1973–), I, xix–xx, 372–74.
46. Ibid., II, 198n, fn. 3.
47. Ibid., i, 293.
48. There are two fine books on Morris: Clarence L. Ver Steeg, Robert Morris: Revolutionary Financier (Philadelphia, 1954) and E. James Ferguson, The Power of the Purse: A History of American Public Finance, 1776–1790 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1961). Ferguson, ed., Papers of Morris, II, contains many letters which show Morris’s contribution to the Yorktown campaign.
49. On Church, see Carl Van Doren, Secret History of the American Revolution (New York, 1941).
50. Freeman, GW, III, 547–53. The account that I give of the organization of the medical service of the army is based on the following studies: Howard Lewis Applegate, “The Medical Administrators of the American Revolutionary Army,” Military Affairs, 25 (1961), 1–10; Whitfield J. Bell, John Morgan: Continental Doctor (Philadelphia, 1965), esp. chap. 11; John Morgan, A Vindication of His Public Character . . . (Boston, 1777); Morris H. Saffron, Surgeon to Washington: Dr. John Cochran, 1730–1807 (New York, 1977).
51. The estimate given in the preceding paragraph of the number of physicians, or medical practitioners, in America in 1775 is given by Philip Cash, Medical Men at the Siege of Boston, April 1775–April 1776: Problems of the Massachusetts and Continental Armies (American Philosophical Society, Memoirs, 98 [Philadelphia, 1973]), 1–5. For concepts of disease in the eighteenth century, see Richard H. Shyrock, Medicine and Society in America, 1600–1860 (New York, 1960), chap. 2.
52. Shyrock, Medicine and Society, 50–51.
53. George Washington, General Orders, Aug. 1–Sept. 9, 1778, BR 77, HL; Orders, American Army, Valley Forge, May 27, 1778, HM 719, I, HL. In ibid., X, this instruction of Aug. 28, 1781, appears: “Moderate bathing in the Water contributes to the health, the excess of it is injurious, the Soldiers are not to stay too long in the water. . . . ”
54. Powell, “Bostwick’s Memoirs,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 6 (1949), 101; Peale Diary, Jan. 3, 10, 11, 16, 1777, HL.
55. James Thacher, A Military Journal During the American Revolutionary War, From 1775 to 1783 (Boston, 1823), 306–7. This is a valuable account of army life as well as of medicine.
56. (New York, 1775). The quotation in this paragraph is from page 71.
57. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twobig, editor and associate editor respectively, The Diaries of George Washington (Charlottesville, Va., 3 vols., 1976–), Vol. I, say that it is “conceivable” that Washington had been inoculated before his trip to Barbados.
58. For a short account of the 1721 inoculation controversy, Robert Middlekauff, The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals (Oxford, 1971; reprinted Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 354–59.
59. Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82 (New York, 2001), 14–15, 28–35, and passim.
60. Ibid., 47–51
61. Quoted in Philip Schuyler to G. Washington August 31, 1776, William Abbot and Dorothy Twobig, eds., The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville, Va., 9 vols. to date, 1985–99), VI, 187.
62. Ibid., VIII, 174.
63. Ibid., VIII, 248–49, 253, 264, 296–97, 299–300, 306, 317, 323, and passim. See also Fenn, Pox Americana, 98–103.
64. William M. Fowler, Jr., Rebels Under Sail: The American Navy During the Revolution (New York, 1976), 17–20.
65. Ibid., 21–27. I have relied heavily on Fowler’s fine book and on a series of books by William Bell Clark, among them Ben Franklin’s Privateers: A Naval Epic of the American Revolution (Baton Rouge, La., 1956); George Washington’s Navy (Baton Rouge, La., 1960); and Naval Documents of the Revolution (5 vols. to date, Washington, D.C., 1964–).
66. My account of John Paul Jones is drawn from Samuel Eliot Morison, John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography (Boston, 1959) and Fowler, Rebels Under Sail, 145–70.
67. Butterfield et al., eds., Diary of John Adams, II, 370–71.
1. The physical destruction brought by the war needs further study. There is useful information on this subject in Broadus Mitchell, The Price of Independence: A Realistic View of the American Revolution (New York, 1974).
2. Ward, II, 492–95,626–28; Mitchell, Price, 275,8. –28;
3. For Sarah and Joseph Hodgkins, see Herbert T. Wade and Robert A. Lively, This Glorious Cause: The Adventures of Two Company Officers in Washington’s Army (Princeton, N.J., 1958)167–245, contains the Hodgkins letters. . The Appendix,
4. Wade and Lively, Glorious Cause, 185, 187. (I have altered the spelling of two words in the second quotation and supplied punctuation.)
5. Ibid., 191, 192.
6. Ibid., 239–40.
7. Ibid., 220.
8. The discussion of Mary Fish Silliman closely follows the perceptive account in Joy Day Buel and Richard Buel, Jr., The Way of Duty: A Woman and Her Family in Revolutionary America (New York, 1984, paperback edition 1985).
9. William H. Guthman, ed., The Correspondence of Captain Nathan and Lois Peters, April 25, 1775–February 5, 1777 (Hartford, 1980),15.
10. Ibid., 34, 36, 37 for the quotations.
11. Ibid., 48.
12. See above, especially chaps. 8 and 9.
13. For perceptive accounts of the activities noted here, see Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albest, eds., Women in the Age of the American Revolution (Charlottesville, 1989), esbibliography by Linda Kerber, 3–42. The books cited in the bibliography by professors Kerber and mary Beth Norton are still vauable.
14. L. H. Butterfield, ed., Adams Family Correspondence (Cambridge, Mass., 6 vols. to date, 1963–), 295, for this incident and the quotations.
15. Quoted in Elizabeth Cometti, “Women in the American Revolution,” NEQ, 20 (1974), 329–46, on 399–40. Cometti’ excellent article tells of Baroness Riedesel’s experience with care and sympathy.
16. James Thacher, A Military Journal During the American Revolution, From 1775 to 1783 (Boston, 1823), 156–57.
17. Nathanael Greene, General Orders, April 1–July 25, 1781, April 27, 1781, U.S. Army (Continental), Southern Department, HL; Orders, American Army, July 7, 1778, HL 719, II, ibid.
18. Francis Marion Orderly Book, Feb. 15–Dec. 15, 1782, HL.
19. John Andrews to William Barrell, June 1, 1775, Winthrop Sargent, ed., “Letters of John Andrews, 1772–1776, MHS, Procs., 8 (Boston, 1866), 408.
20. Justin Winsor, ed., Memorial History of Boston, 1630–1880 (4 vols., Boston, 1880–81),III, 155. See ibid., 156–59 for next paragraph.
21. “Diary of Robert Morton,” PMHB, 1, 8–10.
22. For a detailed study of inflation during the war, see Anne Bezanson et al., Prices and Inflation During the American Revolution, Pennsylvania, 1770–1790 (Philadelphia, 1951).
23. “Diary of Morton,” PMHB, 1 (1877), 8, 10, 23.
24. Henry D. Biddle, ed., Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker, 1759–1807 (Philadelphia, 1889), 63–79, 72 (”I often feel afraid . . . ”).
25. John M. Coleman, “Joseph Galloway and the British Occupation of Philadelphia,” Pennsylvania History, 30 (1963), 272–30.
26. Jacob E. Cooke, “Tench Coxe: Tory Merchant,” PMHB, 96 (1952), 52.
27. Biddle, ed., Journal of Drinker, 103. For Major André’s account of the Mischianza, see Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds., The Spirit of ‘Seventy Six (Bicentennial ed., New York, 1975), 657–60.
28. This account of the occupation of New York City is based on Oscar Barck, New York City During the War for Independence (New York, 1931).
29. Biddle, ed., Journal of Drinker, 113.
30. TJ Papers, II, 545–53; Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time (6 vols., Boston, 1948–1981) I, 275–80).
31. On the suffrage, see Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760–1860 (Princeton, N.J., 1960), 92–137
32. On high culture and the Revolution, see Kenneth Silverman, A Cultural History of the American Revolution (New York, 1976).
33. The most careful study of loyalist numbers is Paul H. Smith, “The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 25 (1968),258–77.
34. For information about the identity and location of loyalists, I have drawn on William H. Nelson, The American Tory (1961; paperback ed., Boston, 1964); Robert M. Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, 1760–1781 (New York, 1973); Wallace Brown, The King’s Friends: The Composition and Motives of the American Loyalist Claimants (Providence, R.I., 1966).
35. Adrian C. Lieby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground (New Brunswick, N.J., 1962), 19–41, and passim.
36. Calhoon, Loyalists, 397–414; Henry J. Young, “Treason and Its Punishment in Revolutionary Pennsylvania,” PMHB, 90 (1966), 294.
37. Young, “Treason,” PMHB, 90 (1966), 294, and 306 for attainder discussed in the following paragraph.
38. Richard D. Brown, “The Confiscation and Disposition of Loyalists’ Estates in Suffolk County, Massachusetts,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 21 (1964), 534–50.
39. Ibid., 549.
40. Beatrice G. Reubens, “Pre-emptive rights in the Disposition of a Confiscated Estate: Philipsburgh Manor, New York,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 22 (1965), 435–56.
41. Staughton Lynd, “Who Should Rule at Home? Dutchess County, New York, in the American Revolution,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 18 (1961), 330–59.
