The Glorious Cause, page 96
35. The quotation is from Willcox, Portrait of a General, 177. See also Willcox, ed., Clinton’s Narrative, 70.
36. Willcox, Portrait of a General, 180–81.
37. Ward, II, 525–26
38. Ibi., 526–31; Bradford, ed., “Napier’s Journal,” MdHM, 57 (1962), 321–22.
39. Ward, II, 533–42.
40.GW Writings, IX, 1–6, 9, 21 (”strong doubts”); L. H. Butterfield, ed., Adams Family Correspondence (2 vols. to date, Cambridge, Mass., 1963–), II, 321 (on the “wild General”). Adams reports on the weather, ibid., 315.
41. Butterfield, ed., Adams Family Corr., II, 328.
42. Bernhard A. Uhlendorf, trans., Revolution in America: Confidential Letters and Journals 1776–1784 of Adjutant General Major Baurmeister of the Hessian Forces (New Brunswick, N.J., 1957), 91–96; Ward, I, 336–37.
43. GW Writings, IX, 140–42, 164, 198.
44. Freeman, GW, IV, 469–72; Ward, I 342
45. For the battle of Brandywine, see Ward, I, 342–54; Freeman, GW, IV, 473–89; GW Writings, IX, 206–8. The British officer’s comments are from PMHB, 29 (1905), 368.
46. Sheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, 272.
47. Uhlendorf, trans., Revolution in America, iii; Sheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, 270.
48. Freeman, GW, IV, 490. Estimates of American casualties at Brandywine: 200 killed, 500 wounded, 400 captured (Peckham, Toll, 40); British losses: 90 killed, 448 wounded, and 6 missing.
49. Ward, I, 355–59; Freeman, GW, IV, 494–95.
50. Freeman, GW, IV, 498–99
51. Ward, I, 360–61
52. GW Writings, IX, 305–6
53. Ibid., IX, 306.
54. Freeman, GW, IV, 505.
55. Ibid., 502–3; Ward, I, 362–65. For Washington’s general orders, Oct. 3, 1777, on dispositions of troops, see GW Writings, IX, 308.
56. GW Writings, IX, 308.
57. Ward, I, 365.
58. Washington’s account of the battle of Germantown is in GW Writings, IX, 308–12, 320, 327–31. See also Ward, I, 365–71; Freeman, GW, IV, 504–19.
59. Peckham, Toll, 42, estimates that American casualties were 152 killed, 500 wounded; 438 were captured. Total British casualties were about 550.
1. Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935; reprint ed., Bloomington, Ind., 1957), 16–17.
2. Ibid., 17–22, for this paragraph and the next two
3. Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin (New York, 1938), 529–40. See above, chap. 14.
4. Francis Wharton, ed., The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States (6 vols., Washington, D.C., 1889), II, 61–64.
5. Bemis, Diplomacy, 23–28.
6. Ibid., 34–37; Julian P. Boyd, “Silas Deane: Death by a Kindly Teacher of Treason?” WMQ, 3rd Ser., 16 (1959), 165–87, 319–42.
7. For the development of Franklin’s ideas, see BF Papers, XVI, 276–326 (“Marginalia in Good Humour, an Anonymous Pamphlet”), and XVII, 317–400 (“Marginalia in An Inquiry, an Anonymous Pamphlet”), especially 341, where Franklin writes, “The smallest States may have great Allies. And the mutual Jealousies of Great Nations contribute to their Security.”
8. Butterfield et al., eds, Diary of John Adams, II, 229–30 (Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress); LMCC, I, 350–51.
9. Paine’s comment was made in Common Sense.
10. Butterfield et al., eds., Diary of John Adams, II, 236 (“Notes on Relations with France, March-April 1776”); Felix Gilbert, To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy (Princeton, N.J., 1961), chap. 3, especially 44–54, and Gilbert’s “The New Diplomacy of the Eighteenth Century,” World Politics, 4 (1951), 1–38. For an important correction to Gilbert, see James H. Hutson, “Early American Diplomacy: A Reappraisal,” in Lawrence S. Kaplan, ed., The American Revolution and “A Candid World” ([Kent, Ohio], 1977), 40–68. Hutson shows that Gilbert is mistaken in arguing that the philosophes influenced American thought on foreign affairs and in attributing free trade ideas to Americans. “The model Treaty [Hutson points out] proposed commercial reciprocity rather than commercial freedom.”
11. Wharton, ed., Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence, II, 226–31, 240–41; Bemis, Diplomacy, 52–53.
12. Van Doren, Franklin, 564–75
13. For the quotation, Bemis, Diplomacy, 47. Bemis discusses French policy in chaps. 2–4
14. Ibid., 52–53.
15. Ibid., 58–61.
16. Ibid., 61–65
17. G. R. Barnes and J. H. Owen, eds., The Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty 1771–1782 (4 vols., London, 1932–38), I, 328–29.
18. Ibid., 334, 365. The letters about a war with France may be sampled in Fortescue, ed., Correspondence of George the Third, IV, 5, 6, 13, 15, 30–31.
19. Fortescue, ed., Correspondence of George the Third, IV, 36.
20. Willcox, Portrait of a General, 222–23
21. Ibid., 223–23; Gerald S. Brown, “The Anglo–French Naval Crisis, 1778: A Study of Conflict in the North Cabinet,” WMQ, 3rd Ser., 13 (1956), 1–86.
22. Piers Mackesy, The War for America 1775–1783 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 181–86, for a thoughtful discussion of the West Indies in British strategy.
23. Barnes and Owens, eds., Private Papers of Earl of Sandwich, II, 22.
24. Brown, “Anglo–French Naval Crisis,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 13 (1956), 9–22; Willcox, Portrait of a General, 214–18. Much of the indecision displayed in the government is in Fortescue, ed., Correspondence of George the Third, IV, 90, 98, 112–13, 119–20, 121–22, 124, 132–34, 136, 137, 145.
25. Brown, “Anglo–French Naval Crisis,” WMQ, 3d Ser., 13 (1956), 23–25.
26. Willcox, Portrait of a General, 217.
27. Freeman, GW, IV, 564–65; Ward, II, 544.
28. GW Writings, X, 168.
29. Ward, I, 379–83
30. GW Writings, X, 195.
31. Ibid., X, 170–71, 180–81, 301.
32. “Diary of Albigence Waldo,” PMHB, 21 (1897), 309.
33. Ibid., 309–310.
34. GW Writings, X, 423, 469.
35. Ibid., 179, 201, 467, 474, 480–81; Nathanael Greene to George Washington, Feb. 17, 1778; Henry Lee to George Washington, Feb. 22, 1778, GW Papers, Series 4, Reel 47.
36. GW Writings, X, 412–13, 433–37.
37. Ibid., 201, 206–7.
38. Ibid., 207.
39. Supply is discussed at length in chap. 20 of this volume. I am much indebted here to the research of E. Wayne Carp’s doctoral dissertation at the University of California, Berkeley, entitled “Supplying the Revolution: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783.” Still useful are Victor L. Johnson, The Administration of the American Commissariat During the Revolutionary War (Philadelphia, 1941); Louis C. Hatch, The Administration of the American Revolutionary Army (New York, 1904); and especially Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775–1939 (Washington, D.C., 1962).
40. Anthony Wayne to Brig. General J. Ellis, Feb. 20, 1778, and Nathanael Greene to George Washington, Feb. 17, 1778, in GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reel 47.
41. Henry Lee to George Washington, Feb. 22, 1778; Greene to Washington, Feb. 17, 1778, ibid.
42. Ward, II, 550–51; John M. Palmer, General von Steuben (New Haven, Conn., 1937),3–14.
43. Palmer, Steuben, 157.
44. Ward, II, 562–67.
45. The preparations for the removal are discussed in ibid., 570–71
46. Ward, II, 570–73; GW Writings, XII, 82–88, 90–91; Freeman, GW, V, 11–15, for this paragraph and the one proceeding.
47. GW Writings, XII, 115–17.
48. Willcox, Portrait of a General, 232–33.
49. Ward, II, 574.
50. Freeman, GW, V, 18–23; Ward, II, 574–75. Hamilton’s remark in a letter to Elias Boudinot, July 5, 1778, may be read in Syrett and Cooke, eds., Papers of Hamilton, I, 511.
51. GW Writings, XII, 127–28; Ward, II, 576.
52. GW Writings, XII, 128–29; Ward, II, 577.
53. Ward, II, 577.
54. My account of the battle is constructed from GW Writings, XII, 141–44; Freeman, GW, V, 24–28; Ward, II, 577–85; and the testimony given at the court–martial of General Charles Lee, in The Lee Papers (New-York Historical Society, Collections, 4–7 [New York, 1872–75]), III
55. Lee Papers, III, 2.
56. Freeman, GW, V, 28; Ward, II, 581; Lee Papers, II, 435. –36.
57. Ward, II, 582; Freeman, GW, VV, 29–32.
58. Wickwires, Cornwallis, 111–12.
59. Ward, II, 585.
60. Willcox, ed., Clinton’s Narrative, 98. Clinton’s account of the evacuation of Philadelphia and of Monmouth is of value.
61. Ibid.
62. Lee Papers, II, 435–36; III, 2.
63. Freeman, GW, V, 47–51.
64. Ward, II, 587–88; Willcox, Portrait of a General, 237–38.
65. Willcox, Portrait of a General, 239–40.
66. Ward, II, 588–91.
67. Ibid., 590–91. The remainder of this section is drawn from ibid., 591–92; and from Willcox, Portrait of a General, 245–51
68. Mackesy, War in America, 210–11.
1. For a perceptive study of loyalists and the making of British policy, see Paul H. Smith, Loyalists and Redcoats: A Study in British Revolutionary Policy (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1964).
2. Ward, II, 679–81.
3. Ibid., 681.
4. For differing accounts of the episodes discussed in this paragraph and the next, see Herbert Butterfield, George III, Lord North and the People, 1779–1780 (London, 1949), passim; J. Steven Watson, The Reign of George III, 1760–1815 (Oxford, 1960), 225; Piers Mackesy, The War for America 1775–1783 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 246–48.
5. John Almon, ed., The Parliamentary Register (17 vols., London, 1775–80), XI, 241, 242.
6. Ibid., XIII, 273.
7. Willcox, Portrait of a General, 301.
8. Johann Hinrichs, “Journal,” in Bernhard A. Uhlendorf, ed., The Siege of Charleston (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1938), 121, 127.
9. Willcox, Portrait of a General, 284–85.
10. William T. Bulgar, ed., “Sir Henry Clinton’s ‘Journal of the Siege of Charleston, 1780,’” SCHM, 66 (1965), 147–74.
11. There is a fine contemporary description of Charleston in the “Diary of Captain Ewald,” Uhlendorf, ed., Siege, 91.
12. Ward, II, 696–97.
13. “Diary of Captain Ewald,” Uhlendorf, ed., Siege, 91–93, and the notes to these pages.
14. Ward, II, 697–98.
15. There is no good biography of Lincoln. Ward gives bits and pieces about him.
16. Hinrichs, “Journal,” Uhlendorf, ed., Siege, 223–25.
17. I have constructed my history of the siege from Bulgar, ed., “Clinton’s ‘Journal,’ SCHM, 66 (1965), 147–74; Joseph Warring, ed., “Lieutenant John Wilson’s Journal of the Siege of Charleston,” ibid., 175–82; “Diary of Captain Ewald” and Hinrichs, “Journal,” Uhlendorf, ed., Siege; Willcox, ed., Clinton’s Narrative; Willcox, Portrait of a General; and Ward. General; and Ward.
18. The quotations are from Bulgar, ed., “Clinton’s ‘Journal,’” SCHM, 66 (1965), 160, 169.
19. “Diary of Captain Ewald,” Uhlendorf, ed., Seige, 45.
20. Ibid., 39; Hinrichs, “Journal,” ibid., 231, 235.
21. Hinrichs, “Journal,” ibid., passim, and esp. 279.
22. Ibid., 257.
23. This paragraph and the next are based on the German officers’ accounts already cited.
24. Bulgar, ed., “Clinton’s ‘Journal,’” SCHM, 66 (1965), 155.
25. Hinrichs, “Journal,” Uhlendorf, ed., Siege, 261; “Diary of Captain Ewald,” ibid., 69–70 (the quotation is on 71). See also Bulgar, ed., “Clinton’s ‘Journal,’” SCHM, 66 (1965), 166.
26. Bulgar, ed., “Clinton’s ‘Journal,’” SCHM, 66 (1965), 149.
27. Ibid., 151, 157, 165.
28. For this paragraph and the next, Ward, II, 700–702.
29. Ibid., 703; “Diary of Captain Ewald,” Uhlendorf, ed., Siege, 87. The casualties are given in Peckham, Toll, 70.
30. “Diary of Captain Ewald,” Uhlendorf, ed., Siege, 89.
31. This account of the months following Charleston is based on Ward; Willcox, Portrait of a General; Wickwires, Cornwallis; and Hugh F. Rankin, Francis Marion: The Swamp Fox (New York, 973).
32. Ward, II, 712–14
33. Otho Williams, “A Narrative of the Campaign of 1780,” in William Johnson, Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene (2 vols., Charleston, S.C., 1822), I, 486–87. Williams’s account is in ibid., I, Appendix B, 485–510.
34. Ward, II, 718–21.
35. Ibid., 722–23; Wickwires, Cornwallis, 151–54.
36. The quotations are from Williams, “Narrative,” in Johnson, Greene, I, 494.
37. My account of the battle of Camden is based on Williams, “Narrative,” in Johnson, Greene, esp. I, 494–97; Edward Stevens to Thomas Jefferson, Aug. 20, 1780, TJ Papers, III, 558–59; Stedman, History of the American War, II, 231–32. I have also used the brilliant study in Ward, II, 722–30 and the shrewd assessment in Wickwires, Cornwallis, 149–65.
38. The Virginians went into battle with an extended interval between each infantryman. See the account in VG (Dixon and Nicholson), Sept. 6, 1780. In Chapter 20 I discuss the possible psychological effect of the gaps between troops.
1. Stevens, ed., Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, I, 258–59; Charles Ross, ed., Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis Cornwallis (3 vols., London, 1859), I, 58.
2. Wickwires, Cornwallis, 194–95.
3. This paragraph and the three preceding are based on ibid., 196–206, and on Ward, II, 739–40.
4. Wickwires, Cornwallis, 206–8.
5. Lyman C. Draper, King’s Mountain and Its Heroes . . . (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1881), 169, for the quotation. See also Wickwires, Cornwallis, 208–9. My account of the battle of King’s Mountain is drawn from Wickwires, Cornwallis, 210–15; Lt. Anthony Allaire’s diary, in Draper, King’s Mountain, 507–10; Ward, II, 741–44.
6. Allaire’s diary, in Draper, King’s Mountain, 511, for the quotation in the preceding paragraph.
7. Stevens, ed., Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, I, 274–79; Ward, II, 745–47.
8. Freeman, GW, V, 226–27.
9. Still useful for understanding Greene is George W. Greene, Life of Nathanael Greene (3 vols., Boston and New York, 1867–71: for a fine recent study, see Theodore Thayer, Nathanael Greene: Strategist of the Revolution (New York, 1960).
10. TJ Papers, IV, 616.
11. This assessment of Greene is based on a reading of his correspondence of the autumn of 1780 in Nathanael Greene Papers, HL; and on his letters to Washington in GW Papers, e.g., Oct. 31, 1780, Ser. 4, Reel 72.
12. For the quotations, see Greene to Samuel Huntington, Oct. 27, 1780, Greene Papers, HL; Greene to Francis Marion, Dec. 4, 1780, in Greene, Life, III, 81; Greene to Washington, Feb. 15, 1781, in GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reel 75.
13. Greene to Huntington, Oct. 27, 1780, Greene to Henry Knox, Oct. 29, 1780, Greene Papers, HL. See also Greene to Washington, Oct. 31, 1780, GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reel 72.
14. Greene to Washington, Oct. 31, 1780, GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reel 72.
15. Greene to General Steuben, Dec. 28, 1780; Greene to General Sumter, Jan. 15, 1781; Greene Papers, HL; Greene, Life, III, 541, 543.
16. Ward, II, 749–50.
17. Greene to General Robert Howe, Dec. 29, 1780, Greene Papers, HL.
18. Greene to Joseph Reed, Jan. 9, 1781, ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Greene, Life, III, 546 (“fugitive war”).
21. Greene to Carrington, Dec. 4, 29, 1780; Greene to Alexander Hamilton, Jan. 10, 1781; Greene to Board of War, Dec. 18, 1780, Greene Papers, HL.
22. Greene to Daniel Morgan, Dec. 16, 1780, ibid.; Ward, II, 750–52.
23. Ross, ed., Correspondence of Cornwallis, I, 80; Stevens, ed., Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, I, 265.
24. Willcox, Portrait of a General, 340–50; Ward, II, 753.
25. Ward, II, 755.
26. Ibid., 756; Wickwires, Cornwallis, 259–60; Stedman, History of the American War, II, 356–57.
27. I have reconstructed the dispositions of troops and the action of the battle from the following: Daniel Morgan to Greene, Jan. 19, 1781 [copy], GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reel 74; Cornwallis to Clinton, Jan 18, 1781 in Stevens, ed., Clinton-Cornwallis Controversy, I, 320–21; Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (London, 1787), 217–21; Roderick Mackenzie, Strictures on Lt. Col. Tarleton’s History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 . . . (London, 1787), 91–115; Wickwires, Cornwallis, 259–64; Ward, II, 757–62. (The Wickwires and Ward provide superb accounts.)
28. Tarleton, History, 217, 221.
29. Stedman, History of the American War, II, 360–61; Mackenzie, Strictures, 109.
30. Ward, II, 763–64.
31. Wickwires, Cornwallis, 268–69, 274–75.
32. Ward, II, 765–66.
33. A. R. Newsome, ed., “A British Orderly Book, 1780–1781,” NCHR, 9 (1932), 289.
34. Greene to Washington, Feb. 9, 1781, GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reel 75; Ward, II, 767–68; Wickwires, Cornwallis, 278–80.
35. George C. Rogers, Jr., ed., “Letters of Charles O’Hara to the Duke of Grafton,” SCHM, 65 (1964), 175.
36. For Greene’s movements and his thinking in late January and early February 1781, see his letters to Steuben, Feb. 3, 1781; to Andrew Pickens, Feb. 3, 1781; to Thomas Sumter, Feb. 3, 1781; to Isaac Huger, Feb. 5, 1781; to Major Blair, Feb. 6, 1781; and to Governor Nash, Feb. 9, 1781; and the report on the Council of War of Feb. 9, 1781, in Greene Papers, HL.
37. Rogers, ed., “Letters of O’Hara,” SCHM, 65 (1964), 176, for the quotations. For Greene’s movements, see his letters to Washington, Feb. 9, 15, 28, 1781, in Greene Papers, HL. (These letters are also in GW Papers, Ser. 4, Reel 75.)
