The Glorious Cause, page 91
in Savannah, 190. See also Loyal Nine
South Carolina, 39, 128, 334, 613
British army in, 198, 446
Constitutional Convention delegates, 646, 647, 655, 660–62, 666, 682
Continental Congress delegates, 248, 250, 253–54, 323, 333
governor of, 215–16, 322
Indians, 577
legislature, 183, 215–16, 328
and nonimportation, 188–90, 266
politics in, 182–83, 215–16
regiments, 448
and Regulators, 182–83
Revolutionary War in, 440, 445 (map), 458, 459, 466, 473, 475, 493, 494, 496, 512, 544
and Stamp Act, 80, 148. See also Carolinas
South End mob (Boston), 93
Southern colonies, 36, 154, 510. See also Carolinas; Georgia; North Carolina; Revolutionary War; South Carolina; Virginia
Spain, 327, 403, 405, 407, 412, 413, 592
closes the Mississippi, 607
in French policy, 410
peace with Britain, 595–96
Spencer, George, 68
Stamp Act, 73–123 passim, 138, 152–53, 194, 259
and colonial politics, 80–97, 145–49
distributors, 98–99
repeal of, 111–21, 142–43 (see also Merchants, British; Parliament; Pitt, William; Rockingham ministry; Stamp Act Congress)
_____, American reaction to, 74–77, 80–111 passim, 159
in Connecticut, 108–11
in Massachusetts, 92–97, 143
and mob, 80, 94–97, 99, 138–40, 154, 169, 567–68, 570
in New Hampshire, 99
in New Jersey, 99
and political thought, 81, 87, 124–25, 128–33, 141, 145, 241
in Rhode Island, 104–6
in Virginia, 81–87, 96–97, 143
Stamp Act Congress, 87, 128–29
Stanley, Hans, 118
Stark, Brig. Gen. John, 294, 296–98, 384
Staten Island, N.Y., 345, 347, 348, 372, 447, 559
“State of Trade” (1763), 70–71
Statutory Authorities for Special Purposes, 21
Stedman, Charles, 477, 481, 505, 511
Stephen, Maj. Gen. Adam, 393, 394, 399, 400
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus von, 472, 474, 485–86, 512, 609
advice as officer, 427–28
joins Washington, 423–25
Stevens, Brig. Gen. Edward, 460–62, 486, 490
Stewart, Lt. Col. Alexander, 497, 500
Stewart, Anthony, 266
Stewart, Charles, 520
Stiles, Ezra, 101
Stillwater, N.Y., 383, 385
Stirling, William Alexander, 351, 393, 433
Stono Inlet (S.C.), 446
Story, William, 96
Stringer, Samuel, 527
Strong, Caleb, 661
Suffolk, Henry Howard, Earl of, 235, 268
Suffolk Co., Mass., 581
Suffolk Resolves, 252, 268
Suffrage, 135, 562, 664–65
Sugar Act, 64–66, 70, 112, 133
American evasion of, 196–97
colonial legislatures on, 90, 127
and Tory Junto, 104
Sullivan, Gen. John, 315, 349, 351, 436–37, 576, 591
at Brandywine, 393–94
at Germantown, 400–401
at Providence, R.I., 436–37
Sullivan’s Island, S.C., 447
A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774). See Jefferson, Thomas
Sumter, Thomas, 458, 460, 465, 468, 473, 494, 496, 577
Sunbury, S.C., 441
Supporters of the Bill of Rights, 215
Suspending Act against New York, 155–57
Susquehannah Company, 108, 147
Taliaferro, Walker, 264
Tarleton, Lt. Col. Banastre, 465, 468, 484, 488, 581
cavalry of, 461
at King’s Mountain and Cowpens, 476–81
Legion of, 454, 458
Tarrant’s Tavern, N.C., 483
Taxation, 23, 456, 613
in England, 61–62, 64
internal and external, 116, 120, 127–29, 156
and representation, 66, 115, 222
and representation in Congress, 660
Tea, 214
American consumption of, 227
smuggling of, 196–97
tax on, 215, 218, 221
Tea Act, 225–26
American reaction to, 227–33. See also Boston Tea Party Temple, John, 76, 171, 195
Temple, Richard Grenville, Earl, 57
Ternay, Charles Louis d’Arsac, Chevalier de, 537
Thacher, Dr. James, 530, 553
Thacher, Oxenbridge, 90
Thicketty Creek, S.C., 476
Thomas, Maj. Gen. John, 316, 346, 568
Thompson, Brig. Gen. William, 346
Thomson, Charles, 249
Throg’s Neck, N.Y, 357
Thurlow, Lord Edward, 235
Ticonderoga, N.Y, 282, 283, 286, 380, 381, 383, 391
Tobago, W.I., 414, 538
Tories. See Loyalists
Tory Junto, 101–4, 134, 148
Tory regiments, 441, 454, 458, 465, 477
Toulon, France, 414
Townshend, Charles, 78–80, 152. See also Customs Commissioners,
American Board of; Revenue Act; Suspending Act; Townshend Acts
Townshend Acts, 166, 169, 186, 213–15, 241, 550
American response to, 155–57, 159–60, 162, 181–82, 194
and “customs racketeering,” 197
Maryland assembly on, 181–82
South Carolina noncompliance with, 198
Virginians on, 185, 189
Trading Ford, N.C., 483
Treaty of Paris (1763), 9, 578
Treaty of Peace (1783), 574, 592–95, 607–8
Trecothick, Barlow, 113
Trenchard, John, 136–38, 216. See also Commonwealthmen
Whig ideology Trenton, N.J., 362, 367
battle of, 363–67, 368 (map), 469, 505, 600, 601
ferry, 366
Trimble’s Ford, Pa., 393
Trois Rivières, Canada, 346
Trowbridge, Edmund, 147
“True Patriot” (Boston Gazette), 169
Trumbull, Jonathan, 148, 533
Tryon, William, 182, 189, 229, 545, 560
Tuberculosis, 531
Tucker, St. George, 616
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, Baron de, 405, 409
Turkey Creek, S.C., 481
Turnbull, Lt. Col. George, 458
Two Penny Act in Virginia, 82–83
Two Treatises of Government. See Locke, John
Tybee Island, Ga., 441, 444
Tyger River, S.C., 468
Tyng, Edward, 88
Ushant, France, 438
Valley Creek, Pa., 417, 418
Valley Forge, Pa., 417–23, 427, 429, 459, 517, 529, 533–34, 552, 555
Vandalia Company, 609
Varnum, Gen. James, 436
Vengeance, 541–42
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de, 403–5, 410, 592
Vernon, Edward, 25
Vernon, Samuel, 104–6
Vice-admiralty courts, 65, 133, 194, 197, 223
Vincennes, 576
A Vindication of the British Colonies (1765). See Otis, James, Jr.
Virginia, 34, 39, 48, 59, 60, 181, 221, 258, 281, 322, 570, 573, 612, 616, 620, 622
the Association enforced in, 263–66
Constitutional Convention delegates, 643, 647, 648, 661–62, 682–83 (see also Virginia Plan)
constitution of, 626–27, 628–34, 638, 640 (see also Jefferson, Thomas)
and Continental Army, 361, 367, 448, 485–86, 488, 490, 491, 496
Continental Congress delegates, 240, 247–48, 250
contributions to the Revolution, 625–26
disestablishment in, 561
gentry, 84, 625–26
Indians, 577
and Intolerable Acts, 239
militia, 306, 460, 475, 477, 485–86, 508, 584
mobs in, 138
nonimportation in, 188
and Parson’s Cause, 81–83
politics in, 43, 44 (see also Virginia House of Burgesses)
popular protests in, 185
in Revolutionary War, 391, 434–35, 445 (map), 466, 469, 474, 481–82, 485, 493, 538, 545, 579, 580 (see also Washington, George; Yorktown)
rifle companies, 287, 387, 486
smuggling in, 196–97
and Stamp Act, 75, 80, 96–97 (see also Virginia Resolves)
tenants in, 40
and western lands, 58, 609–10, 648
Virginia Gazette, 130, 142, 264
Virginia House of Burgesses, 185, 263
appoints committee of correspondence, 221
as convention, 322, 329
dissolved, 188–89, 239
on domestic manufactures, 189
generational split in, 84–86
issues a circular letter, 167
on nonimportation of slaves, 189
and Stamp Act, 81–87, 143
on taxation, 127, 188
on Townshend Acts, 189
unity of, 86
Virginia Plan, 649–50, 654, 661, 663
Virginia Resolves, 81, 83–87, 92, 104, 109, 128
Virtual representation, 115. See also Representation
Votes and Proceedings . . . of Boston . . . See“Boston Pamphlet”
Wadsworth, Jeremiah, 421, 520
Wahab’s Plantation, N.C., 465
Waldo, Albigence, 419
Wales, Nathaniel, 109
Walker, Capt. Benjamin, 424
Walpole, Horace, 119, 380
Walpole, Robert, 15
Wanton, Joseph, 219
War: preparations for, 261–63, 265–66, 268, 269–71. See also Revolutionary War
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 505–6
Ward, Gen. Artemas, 287–89
Ward, Christopher, 384
Ward, Samuel, 104–5
Ward faction (R.I.), 182
Wardrobe, David, 264
Warfare (18th-century), 303–6. See also Military theory and practice
Warner, Col. Seth, 381
War of the Spanish Succession, 23
Warren, Joseph, 168, 252, 271, 285
at Bunker Hill, 289, 298
and Lexington and Concord, 273, 274
Warren Tavern, Pa., 396
Washington, Col. William, 477, 499, 500
cavalry of, 480, 490, 491, 495, 496
Washington, George, 52, 58, 188, 265, 650, 655
and army discipline, 354, 420–21, 552–53
assesses American and British forces, 306–7
and Boston siege, 308–17
and camp conditions, 529
and Canada invasion, 309–10
celebrated, 623
and Charles Lee, 356, 362–63, 435
and chief physician, 527
and civilian authority, 309
as commander of Continental Army, 308–9, 345, 346–50, 351–53 passim, 370–73, 391–401, 423, 427, 433–36, 440, 443, 449, 459, 469, 516, 519, 520, 523–24, 537, 553, 580, 583–84, 598, 600–601, 610, 614
as congressional delegate, 247, 254, 284, 287
at Constitutional Convention, 643, 645, 648, 656, 674, 680, 683
on Continental Army strategy, 340–43
on Cornwallis, 614
on Declaration of Independence, 347–48
on deserters, 503–4
exhorts troops, 396–99
on the “Glorious Cause,” 302, 349
and Lafayette, 425–27
as a leader, 469–71, 505
on military doctrine, 306
on militias, 568
presidency, 655–56
on reconciliation, 319
and Revolutionary principles, 514–15
and Rochambeau, 545, 582
in Seven Years War, 7, 9
sketch of, 298–302
and smallpox, 531–34
on soldiers’ motivation, 342–43
strategy against Clinton, 428–30
surrenders commission, 603–5
at Valley Forge, 417–25
and Yorktown surrender, 590. See also Army, Continental; names of individual battles; Revolutionary War
Washington, Lawrence, 531
Washington, Martha Custis, 299, 301
Watauga, N.C., 467
Waterhouse, Samuel, 91–92
Waxhaws (N.C./S.C), 477
Wayne, Gen. Anthony, 395, 396, 421, 427, 428, 508, 581
at Brandywine, 393
at Germantown, 400
at Monmouth Court House, 432–33
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 22, 26
Webber, John, 106
Webster, Lt. Col. James, 454, 488, 493
at Camden, 461, 463
Wedderburn, Alexander, 233–34, 235, 442
Wemyss, Maj. James, 468
Wentworth, Benning, 43–44
Wentworth, Paul, 410
West, the, 35, 55–58, 60, 607, 609–11, 647, 654, 660
Westchester, N.Y, 568
West Church (Boston), 555
Western Massachusetts, 259–60
West Florida, 60
West Indies, 31, 63, 68, 410, 538, 557, 582, 612
British army in, 590
in British strategy, 413, 414, 416, 434, 436, 438
French in, 593, 597
as Loyalist refuge, 564
West Indies, British, 149, 408
West Indies, French, 403
West Point, N.Y, 471
Whately, Thomas, 74–77, 224, 233
Wheelock, Eleazar, 576
Whig ideology, 51–52, 136–38, 568, 671–73. See also Commonwealthmen; Ideology of the American Revolution
Whigs, 473, 563, 569. See also Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth
Whipple, Commodore William, 447
White, Hugh, 210, 211
Whitehaven, England, 538, 539
Whitemarsh, Pa. (Amer. camp), 418
White Oaks, the, 139
White Plains, N.Y., battle of, 352 (map), 357, 502, 513
Wilkes, John, 57–58, 183, 215
Wilkesites, 267
William and Mary College, 661
Williams, Israel, 259, 260
Williams, John, 176, 196
Williams, Otho, 484, 495, 499, 504
at Camden, 460–63
in North Carolina, 484–88
Williamsburg, Va., 458, 581, 584
Williamson’s Plantation (S.C.), 458
Willis Creek, Mass., 274
Wilmington, Del., 393, 492, 494
Wilson, James: as Congressional delegate, 284, 328
Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the Parliament, 241, 673
at Constitutional Convention, 651, 653, 655–58, 662, 663, 664, 668, 673, 677, 678
Windward Islands, W.I., 414
Wingate, John, 264
Winnsboro, S.C., 468, 475, 476
Winship, Jonathan, 203
Winslow, Edward, 230
Wolfe, Gen. James, 8, 9, 295
Women, 201, 208, 482, 545–52, 675
camp followers, 551, 553
participation in American resistance, 190–91, 194
Revolution’s impact on, 547–52, 561. See also Drinker, Elizabeth; Hodgkins, Sarah; Peters, Lois Crary; Silliman, Mary Fish
Wooster, Brig. Gen. David, 313, 346
Worcester, Mass., 33, 276
Worcester Convention, 261
Worthington, John, 259, 260
Wright, James, 182, 266
Wyoming Valley, Pa., 108, 147, 647
Wythe, George, 84, 406, 631
at Constitutional Convention, 643, 648
and Jefferson, 332
Yadkin River, N.C., 483
Yale College, 107, 108
Yates, Robert, 646, 661
Yorke, Charles, 118
Yorktown, Va., 502, 511, 520, 525
battle of, 579–602, 585 (map)
Washington’s strategy, 601
Young, Thomas, 638
“Z.Y,”
1. Accounts of Pitt are to be found in virtually all the standard studies of late eighteenth-century England. For his life, see Basil Williams, The Life of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (2 vols., London, 1913). The Seven Years War in America is richly treated in Gipson, British Empire, vols. VI–VIII. There is a good short history in Howard H. Peckham, The Colonial Wars, 1689–1762 (Chicago, 1964). A list of abbreviated titles used in footnotes will be found on page 689.
2. J. H. Plumb, Men and Centuries (Boston, 1963). I have learned much from this volume and from Plumb’s The Origins of Political Stability (Boston, 1967).
3. Plumb, Men and Centuries, 4–7
4. Readers interested in English painting and prose should probably pursue their interests first by looking at the pictures of English artists and by reading the great writers of the century.
5. Quoted in Dorothy Marshall, English People in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1956), 165.
6. Plumb, Men and Centuries, 9–14
7. I have drawn on several works for my picture of English society. Among them: G. E. Mingay, English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1963); J. Steven Watson, The Reign of George III, 1760–1815 (Oxford, 1960); T. S. Ashton, An Economic History of England: The Eighteenth Century (New York, 1955). For the “Jew Bill,” see Thomas W. Perry, Public Opinion, Propaganda, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century England: A Study of the Jew Bill of 1753 (Cambridge, Mass., 1962).
8. Dorothy Marshall, Eighteenth-Century England (New York, 1962), 222–23.
9. Ibid., 224–25.
10. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Michael Oakeshott (Oxford, 1957), 73–74
11. Bleak House, chap. 12.
12. Fortescue, ed., Correspondence of George the Third, IV, 220–21.
13. Thoughtful assessments of George III may be found in John Brooke, King George III (New York, 1972); Sir Lewis Namier, Personalities and Powers: Selected Essays (New York, 1965); Richard Pares, King George III and the Politicians (Oxford, 1953); and Romney Sedgwick, ed., Letters from George III to Lord Bute, 1756–1766 (London, 1939).
14. Quoted in Brooke, King George III, 41.
15. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, English Local Government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act, IV: Statutory Authorities for Special Purposes (London, 1922), 353.
16. The book that began much of the study of the English fiscal-military state is P.G.M. Dickson’s The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688–1756 (New York, 1967). Dickson puts greater emphasis on borrowing– and the national debt than on taxes in explaining British military power. John Brewer’s The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1763 (Cambridge,– Mass., 1990) suggests that Dickson’s emphasis is misplaced, while acknowledging the originality of his book. Both of these books are extraordinarily helpful to the historian studying the English fiscal-military state in the eighteenth century. I have learned most from Brewer’s splendid book and used it extensively in this section.
