The Coming of the Third Reich, page 80
Society for German Colonization
soldiers’ councils
Sollmann, Wilhelm
Solmitz, Louise
Somme, Battle of the
‘Song of the Storm Columns’
‘Song Stave’
Sonnemann, Emmy
Sonnenburg penal camp
Sorbs
South Tyrol
South-West Africa
Soviet bloc, former: new documents discovered
Soviet Communist Party
Politbureau
Central Committee
Soviet Union
Soviet regime’s grip on Communist parties
German army’s training sessions in
and hyperinflation
Thälmann’s faith in
Blomberg visits
Stalin unleashes a reign of terror see also Russia
Spahn, Martin
Spain
‘clerico-fascist’ regime
Spandau
Spanish army
SpanishWar
Spartacist uprising (Berlin, January 1919)
Spengler, Oswald
The Fall of the West
Spoliation Advisory Panel
sports clubs
SS (Schutzstaffel; Protection Squad)
Himmler appointed its head
membership
independence
structure
collects confidential information
poised to tackle internal disobedience
beaten up in Berlin
torchlit parades
triumphant parades and processions of
‘auxiliary police’ force
torture of Sollmann
swastika raised on official buildings
runs Dachau
torture methods
and Social Democrats
and trade unions
and Galen’s installation as bishop
town halls occupied
prosecutions
camp guards
and book-burning
Stadelheim gaol, Munich
Stalin, Josef
unleashes a reign of terror
components of his new political order
and Trotsky
Stalinism: compared with Nazism
Standard Oil
Stassfurt
state, the
downgrading the importance of
growing interference in labour relations
centralization of
and Reichstag elections (5 March 1933)
State Court
State Party (previously the Democrats) see German Democratic Party
Staudinger, Hermann
steel
Steel Helmets: League of Front-Soldiers
forcibly incorporated into the SA
functions
renamed
Stegerwald, Adam
Steinmann, Vicar-General
Stelling, Johannes
Stennes, Walther
sterilization, compulsory
Stinnes, Hugo
Stock Exchange
Stöcker, Adolf
founds an antisemitic Christian Social Party
history of modern antisemitism in Germany begins with him
Stocker, Helene
‘Storm Division’ (Sturmabteilung, or SA; stormtroopers)
built up by Röhm
Goring replaces
Kahr meeting broken up
an illegal organization
reconstituted
subordinated to the Party
cuts links with other paramilitary groups
putsch of 1923
Party rally (July 1926)
Wessel in
and Goebbels
and soup kitchens
Bormann and
the ‘murderers’ storm’
‘Marxists’ as the enemy
fanaticism and hatred
idealism
Abel interviews
under Röhm
‘Assault Squad’
SS collects information on
and Communists
Wessel a brownshirt activist
‘Song of the Storm Columns’
violence at a Goring meeting
harassment of Buchwitz
Pfeffer von Salomon fired
Röhm takes over
oath of allegiance
Boxheim documents
membership statistics
police raid brownshirt premises
Communists attempt to stop their march
ban lifted
Pietzuch murder
Hitler supports their brutal violence
Hindenburg on
and Hitler’s appointment (1933)
‘auxiliary police’
and trade unions
Eisleben street battle
and Social Democrats
Centre Party meetings attacked
as auxiliary police
violence against individuals
hatred of Bolsheviks
prepared to seize power
thefts by
5 March 1933 elections
makeshift gaols and torture centres
torture by
‘wild’ arrests by
Hitler’s exhortation
‘phenomenal discipline’ of
and trade unions
brass bands
‘Köpenick Blood-Week’
death of Stelling
Galen’s consecration
Hitler’s threat
Steel Helmets forcibly incorporated into
attack on Hirschfeld’s Institute
book-burning
civil servants and mayors forced out of office
extortion
disruption of a Busch concert
Sonnenburg penal camp
bomb attacks on Jewish property
and boycott of Jewish shops
levels of violence
prosecution of
concept of revolution
Stormer, The (Der Stürmer) newspaper
Strasser, Gregor
middle-class background
arrested after putsch attempt
elected to Bavarian Parliament
a talented administrator
his idea of socialism
shocked at Hitler’s tough stance
Reich Propaganda Leader of the Party
1928 elections
and women’s organizations
and embryonic Nazi social order
and Himmler
prepared to criticize Hitler
disowns his brother
extravagant tastes
resignation
ideological position
Strasser, Otto
Strauss, Richard
The Egyptian Helena (opera)
Intermezzo (opera)
Streicher, Julius
Stresemann, Gustav
Stumm, Karl Ferdinand von
submarine warfare
Swakopmund, South-West Africa
swastika symbol
Sweden
Switzerland
Syllabus of Errors (1864)
Tanganyika
Tannenberg, Battle of
Tannenberg League
taxation
Taylor, Alan
‘Taylorism’
teachers
technology
Tempel, Wilhelm
Tempelhof field, Berlin
Tempo newspaper
Testament of Dr Mabuse, The (film)
Thälmann, Ernst
theatre
thieves
Third Reich
origins
electoral success
massive political violence
unleashing of a ruthless and destructive war of conquest
‘unpolitical German’ concept
three phases of research
radical right’s enthusiasm for
and the Thule Society
links to the First and Second Reichs
thought
secularization of
freedom of
Thule Society
Thuringia
Thurn und Taxis, Gustav-Franz Prince von
Thyssen, Fritz
Tietjen, Heinz
Tietz department store chain
Tietz family
Tille, Alexander
Tiller Girls
time-and-motion studies
Tirpitz, Alfred von
Togoland
Toller, Ernst
Torgler, Ernst
Toscanini, Arturo
totalitarianism
trade unions
Treblinka concentration camp
Treitschke, Heinrich von
Trier, Bishop of
Trotsky, Leon
Tsarist Empire
Tucholsky, Kurt
UFA (Universum-Film-Aktiengesellschaft, Universal Film Company) film production company Uhu nightclub, Berlin
Ulbricht, Walter
Ullstein press empire
Ultramontane newspapers and magazines
Ultramontanism
‘un-German spirit’
unemployment
benefits
United Kingdom
war deaths
see also Britain
United Nations
United States of America
Jewish emigration to
failure of railway investments
in First World War
and Young Plan
influence of
New York Stock Exchange crash (1929)
investment by
cuts its foreign lending
jazz
United States Steel
United Steelworks
universal manhood suffrage
universities
University of Naples
upper class
bourgeois values
in Russia
outrage and disbelief at Versailles terms
Nazi Party members
Upper Silesia
vagrants
van der Lubbe, Marinus
Vatican
antisemitism
Concordat with Mussolini’s Fascist regime (1929)
support of Dolfuss’ ‘clerico-fascist’ dictatorship
support of the Spanish Nationalists
and the Enabling Act
Concordat
Verdi, Giuseppe: Rigoletto
Verdun, battle of
Vermeil, Edmond
Versailles: proclamation of the new German Empire (1871)
Versailles, Treaty of (1919)
terms of
restrictions on the army
Steel Helmets denounce
determination to overthrow its provisions
signatories
Nationalists’ demands
Weimar Republic blamed
national revision of
‘fulfilment’ policy
Hitler wants revision of
and Austro-German attempt at customs union
Hitler promises to fight it
security provisions of
veterans’ clubs
Vienna
Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
Vienna Ring Theatre
Viennese Academy of Art
Viernstein, Theodor
violence
during inflation
in art and film
Röhm’s penchant for mindless violence
Hitler’s use of physical violence to further his ends
a way of life for Nazi activists
at the heart of the Nazi movement
celebration of brute physical force
statistics
severe at election times
sharp escalation of
people become inured to political violence
Virchow, Rudolf
Wäckerle, Hilmar
Wagener, Otto
wages
dispute in iron and steel industry
payment in kind
company spending
reduction
Wagner, Adolf
Wagner, Cosima
Wagner, Richard
epic music-dramas
a cultural antisemite
favours assimilation of Jews
increasingly racist
wants Jews excluded from German society
and Nietzsche
influences Hitler
The Twilight of the Gods
Judaism in Music
Parsifal
Ring cycle
Tannhäuser
Wagner, Robert
Waldoff, Claire
Walter, Bruno
war disabled
War Ministry
War Office
war widows
Wartburg Festival
Wartburg, Thuringia
Waterloo, battle of (1815)
Weber, Helene
Weber, Max
Webern, Anton von
Wedding quarter, Berlin
Wedekind, Frank: Spring’s Awakening (play)
Weill, Kurt
The Silver Sea (opera)
The Threepenny Opera
Weimar
Weimar Art Academy
Weimar Republic
collapse of
and origins of the Third Reich
violence on the streets
Ebert steers it into being
constitution
Reich President
power to rule by decree (Article)
Ebert’s hasty compromises
Hindenburg elected President
frequent changes of government
coalition government
strengths in foreign affairs, labour and welfare
federal structure
‘Weimar coalition’
Communists’ opposition to
Kapp putsch (1920)
blamed for Versailles
inflation
and the press
growth of antisemitism
enters its final turbulent phase (1932)
better freedom and equality for Jews
political divisions
Nazi attacks on
Wels defends its achievements
musical modernism
‘cultural Bolshevism’
‘Jewish-Bolshevist success’
press conferences
Nazi determination to destroy it
Weimar School of Arts and Crafts
Weimar state museum
Weiss, Bernhard
Weissenfels
welfare agencies
welfare system
Welier-ter-Meer
Wels, Otto
Weng, Landshut District
Wertheim brothers
Wessel, Horst
West Prussia
Westarp, Countess Heila von
Westarp, Kuno Graf von
Western Front
‘Western League’
Westphalia
Wheeler-Bennett, John
‘white terror’
white-collar workers
unemployment
and 1930 elections
‘Whites’
Wiefelstede, Weser-Ems constituency
Wiesbaden
Wilder, Billy
Wilhelm, Kaiser
Wilhelm, Kaiser
personality
and Bismarck’s resignation
annual proclamation (1918)
claims that army was stabbed in the back
abdication
war crimes issue
in exile
and German education
Wilhelmine Reich see also German Reich
Wilson, Woodrow
his ‘Fourteen Points’
Windthorst League
Wirth, Josef
Woltmann, Ludwig
women
suffrage
workers
and Italian fascism
Nazi Party membership
tendency to live longer than men
Woolworth’s
‘work-shy’
workers’ councils
working class
growing self-assertion
opposes antisemitism
impact of Versailles terms
and Marxism
industrial
Nazi Party members
support of Social Democrats
of Berlin
Working Community of Patriotic Fighting Leagues
World in the Evening (Welt am Abend) newspaper
World League for Sexual Reform
World Stage, The (Die Weltbühne)
magazine
Worms
Wuppertal
Württemberg
Young German Order
Young Plan
Youth League of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party
youth movement
youth welfare
Yugoslavia
Zander, Elsbeth
Zanzibar
Zemlinsky, Alexander von
Zweig, Arnold
1. The pseudo-medievalism of the Bismarck memorial in Hamburg, unveiled in 1906, promises a revival of past German glories under a new national leader.
2. Antisemitic postcard from ‘the only Jew-free hotel in Frankfurt’, 1887. Such attitudes were a new phenomenon in the 1880s.
3. (top) The promise of victory: German troops advance confidently across Belgium in 1914.
4. (middle) The reality of defeat: German prisoners of war taken by the Allies at the Battle of Amiens, August 1918.
5. (bottom) The price to be paid: the skeletons of German warplanes scrapped in fulfilment of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.
6. (top) Descent into chaos: a street battle in Berlin during the ‘Spartacist uprising’ of January 1919.
7. (right) Revenge of the right: a Free Corps lieutenant in charge of a firing squad photographs his irregulars with the ‘Red Guardist’ they are about to execute during their bloody suppression of the Munich Soviet, May 1919.
8. A racist cartoon in a German satirical magazine highlights the murders, robberies and sex offences supposedly committed by French colonial troops during the Ruhr occupation of 1923.
9. The hyperinflation of 1923: ‘So many thousand-mark notes for just one dollar!’
10. The balance-sheet of reparations, 1927: 14,000 suicides in Germany are the result, according to a satirical periodical, of economic hardship caused by the financial burden imposed on the country by the Treaty of Versailles.
11. The Roaring Twenties in Berlin: artist Otto Dix’s bitter view of German society in 1927-28; war veterans are forced out to the margins, while women of easy virtue and their clients live it up at a jazz party.
12. The beer-hall putsch: armed Nazi stormtroopers wait outside Munich city hall, November 1923, for the takeover that never came.
13. Hitler relaxing, but not drinking, with his friends in a Munich beer-cellar in 1929. Gregor Strasser is on the far left.
14. Hitler leads a street march at an early Nazi Party rally in Weimar, 1926, while stormtroopers clear the way. A hatless Rudolf Hess can be seen to his left, with Heinrich Himmler directly behind.
