The Pope Who Would Be King, page 51
18. Martina 1974, pp. 410–12. Rayneval reported in mid-January on his conversation with Antonelli about the Rothschilds’ requests for better treatment of the Jews. Rayneval à de la Hitte, Naples, 15 janvier 1850, n. 3, MAEC, CP, Naples, vol. 180, ff. 16r–19v.
19. Baraguey à de la Hitte, Rome, 14 janvier 1850, n. 13, MAEN, RSS 412. Baraguey is reported to have declared, “I would a thousand times rather have to deal with the Bedouins than with the cardinals!” Citoyen romain 1852, p. 224. At the same time as the French general was casting the blame on the men of the papal court, the men in the papal administration were heaping abuse on the French. In his weekly report, Rome’s police chief attributed the continuing hostility of large parts of Rome’s population to the return of the ecclesiastical regime to the “dubious policies” pursued by France. The report also chronicled the latest of a series of rumors swirling around the pope’s return. “Those who out of deep malice nurse hatred in their hearts for the pontiff…have not failed in recent days to spread the rumor in Rome that the papal steamship that is being awaited from Naples, along with a portion of the Holy Father’s crew, was shipwrecked and sunk in the sea along its route.” Direzione generale di polizia, Bollettino politico dello Stato pontificio dal giorno 10 al 16 Gennaio, Roma, 18 gennaio 1850, ASV, Segr. Stato, An. 1850, b. 155, fasc. 1, ff. 36r–36v.
20. Rayneval à de la Hitte, Naples, 4 février 1850, n. 6, MAEC, CP, Naples, vol. 180, ff. 29r–34v; Gille 1967, p. 2:70.
21. De la Hitte à Baraguey, Paris, 23 février 1850, n. 10, MAEN, RSS 274; Gille 1967, pp. 70–71.
22. Martina 1974, p. 395.
23. Baraguey à de la Hitte, Rome, 5 février 1850, n. 17, MAEN, RSS 412.
24. Falconi 1983, pp. 232–33.
25. Martina 1974, pp. 399–401.
26. The text is taken from the version found in the Vatican archives: ASV, Segr. Stato, An. 1850, Rubr. 155, fasc. 1, ff. 180r–181r.
27. Jan Koelman, the Dutch painter living in Rome, described the scene: “Packed into five or six crude carriages, dressed in squalid, patched-up costumes, they went up and down through the silent street” shouting “Long live the Holy Father! Long Live Pius IX!” As they left, having pocketed the money, they added shouts of ironic appreciation, “Long live the Holy Father’s police!” Koelman 1963, vol. 2, pp. 498–99; Roncalli 1997, pp. 256–57.
28. Baraguey à de la Hitte, Rome, 9 février 1850, n. 19, MAEN, RSS 412. The young man in question was none other than the prince of Musinano, son of Charles Bonaparte. He had sided with his devoutly Catholic mother in repudiating his father, who was then living in exile.
CHAPTER 22: RETURNING TO ROME
1. Conférence de Portici, Compte rendu de la 15ème séance, 11 mars 1850, MAEC, CP, Naples, vol. 180, ff. 76r–78r; Rayneval à de la Hitte, Naples, 14 mars 1850, n. 17, MAEC, CP, Naples, vol. 180, ff. 70r–75v.
2. Rayneval à de la Hitte, Naples, 14 mars 1850, n. 17, MAEC, CP, Naples, vol. 180, ff. 71r–71v.
3. Antonelli ai Cardinali Componenti la Commissione Governativa, Portici, 16 marzo 1850, ASV, Segr. Stato, An. 1850, Rubr. 1, fasc. 2, ff. 45r–45v. Antonelli had written the three cardinals in Rome in early January asking them to begin making preparations for security along the pope’s intended land route to Rome. Antonelli ai Cardinali componenti, Commissione Governativa, Portici, 10 gennaio 1850, ASV, Segr. Stato, An. 1850, Rubr. 1, fasc. 2, ff. 4r–4v. Although he had not yet informed the diplomats, Antonelli had told the three cardinals in Rome on March 7 of the planned date and route of the pope’s return. Della Genga, Vannicelli, e Altieri al ministro del commercio, Roma, 11 marzo 1850, ASV, Segr. Stato, An. 1850, Rubr. 1, fasc. 2, ff. 33r–33v.
4. Rayneval à de la Hitte, Naples, 4 avril 1850, n. 21, MAEC, CP, Naples, vol. 180, ff. 99r–104r.
5. Even at the time the pope set out, not all were sure he would actually return to Rome. Reporting from Caserta on April 4, the London Times correspondent wrote: “I am acting on the persuasion that Pio Nono will this time keep his word, but I do so in defiance of my better judgment, and of that of many true friends of the Church, who cannot yet be convinced that he seriously intends to go so far. In fact, I shall not believe that the Pope is at Rome until I see him there.” “The Return of the Pope to Rome,” TL, April 13, 1850.
6. Barluzzi 1850, pp. 1–7; Blois 1854, pp. 216–20.
7. Univers 1850, p. 4.
8. Baraguey à de la Hitte, Rome, 10 avril 1850, n. 30, MAEN, RSS 412.
9. “Affairs of Rome,” datelined Velletri, April 11, TL, April 23, 1850.
10. From Bargagli’s letter from Rome to the Tuscan minister of foreign affairs, April 9, 1850, quoted in Martina 1974, p. 416.
11. Carlier, le Préfet de police, au ministre intérieur, 12 avril 1850, MAEC, CP, Rome, vol. 994, ff. 157r–158r; lettres de Rome, 12 avril 1850 in Univers 1850, pp. 27–28.
12. Cuneo 1850, pp. 35–37; “Affairs of Rome,” datelined Rome, April 12, TL, April 24, 1850; de la Rochère 1853, pp. 474–75; Falconi 1983, p. 258.
13. Liedekerke’s April 13 report to the Dutch foreign minister is quoted in Ghisalberti 1949, p. 175. Both Esterházy’s report to Vienna, and Ludolf’s to Naples, tell of the subdued popular mood amid the splendor of the papal procession into Rome. Engel-Janosi 1950, p. 159; Ludolf al ministro degli affari esteri in Napoli, Roma, 13 aprile 1850, doc XLIII in Bianchi 1869, vol. 6, pp. 552–53.
On the very day of the pope’s entry into Rome, the police prefect there sent an urgent warning. Police sources had learned that Mazzini had organized a conspiracy, they reported, to take advantage of the chaos in Rome to murder the pope. Mazzini’s initial aim, said the police prefect, had been to assassinate Louis Napoleon, but his fellow refugees in London had dissuaded him. Instead, he now hoped that the murder of the pope would trigger a new uprising in Rome. The principal agents of the assassination plot were to be a group of women, headed by the wife of one of the chief officers of the garibaldini. Although her husband was in exile, she remained in Rome, minding the family’s jewelry business. Carlier, le Préfet de police, au ministre intérieur, 12 avril 1850, MAEC, CP, Rome, vol. 994, ff. 157r–158r.
14. Baraguey à de la Hitte, Rome, n. 33, 30 avril 1850, MAEN, RSS 412.
15. “Affairs of Italy,” datelined Rome, April 30, TL, May 11, 1850.
16. De Cesare 1907, pp. 10, 25–29; Citoyen romain 1852, p. 226.
17. Ghisalberti 1949, p. 172; Burdel 1851, pp. 8–19; Laureano 1970, pp. 226–30. On Gazzola, see Monsagrati 1999. A year after his trial, Gazzola escaped from Castel Sant’Angelo, helped by French soldiers guarding the castle. For a first-person account of years spent in the pope’s prisons, see Tergolina 1860.
18. The appointment, on the pope’s return to Rome, of Antonelli’s brother to head the Bank of Rome only served to increase animosity toward the all-powerful secretary of state. Ghisalberti 1949, pp. 176–77; Falconi 1983, pp. 258, 264; Martina 2004, p. 195; Cipolletta 1863, pp. 43–47.
19. Martina 1974, pp. 395–96.
20. Bianchi 1869, vol. 6, pp. 560–61.
21. Esterházy’s May 28, 1850, report to Schwarzenberg is quoted in Ghisalberti 1949, p. 177.
22. Having recently heard rumors that the pope was under pressure from the cardinals to dismiss Antonelli, Rayneval then turned to the subject of the secretary of state, arguing that the pope had no one capable of replacing him. Rayneval had become one of Antonelli’s greatest supporters, believing—mistakenly—that it was the other cardinals who were trying to prevent any liberal reforms from taking place, and that only Antonelli promised to move the Papal States into modern times. The cardinal, the ambassador told the pope, must be allowed to finish the work he had started. For his part, the pope dismissed the rumors, and said he had complete confidence in Antonelli. Rayneval à de la Hitte, Rome, n. 12, 30 juin 1850, MAEN, RSS 412.
23. Rayneval à de la Hitte, Rome, , n. 11, 24 juin 1850, MAEC, PAR; Rayneval à de la Hitte, Rome, n. 26, 31 août 1850, MAEC, PAR; Rayneval à de la Hitte, Rome, n. 18, 20 juillet 1850, MAEC, PAR; Rayneval à de la Hitte, Rome, n. 19, 24 juillet 1850, MAEC, PAR; Viaene 2001, p. 505. In these months, too, whenever the pope planned to visit a church in Rome, Antonelli would first alert the French general in charge of security to provide the pope with a French cavalry escort. A series of reports of this kind can be found in ASV, Segr. Stato, An. 1850, Rubr. 1, fasc. 1 for August and September 1850.
24. Chiron 2001, p. 49; Roncalli 1972, pp. 32–33; Gillespie 1845, p. 161. That not all the upper clergy at the time shared Mastai’s sensitivities about the guillotine is evident from the discussion that Cardinal Giuseppe Sala had with Pope Gregory XVI in the wake of the revolt that greeted Gregory’s election. In arguing that it was only by executing the rebels that they would quell the unrest, he told the pope that he would be happy to perform the executions himself if only he could receive dispensation from the “irregularity” of having a cardinal perform such a task. Morelli 1953, pp. 98–99. Apparently this made an impression on the pope, for the following year he appointed the cardinal to be prefect of the Congregation of the Index (of forbidden books).
25. Rayneval à de la Hitte, Rome, n. 39, 10 octobre 1850, MAEC, PAR; Roncalli 1997, pp. 292–93; Citoyen romain 1852, pp. 233–40.
26. Cass to John Clayton, Rome, September 4, 1849, n. 13; Cass to John Clayton, Rome, September 20, 1849, n. 14; and Cass to John Clayton, Rome, April 20, 1850, n. 24; Stock 1933, pp. 54–59, 66–67.
27. Cass to Daniel Webster, Rome, October 15, 1850, n. 34, Stock 1933, pp. 75–77.
28. S. Alatri and A. Rapelli to Baronne de Rothschild, Rome, 19 avril 1850, ASCER, Co 50–51, f2, Rd. 9, sup. 2, p4, fasc. 6.
29. “Memoria sugl’Israeliti,” al ministro della Repubblica francese e March. de Rothschild, novembre 1850, ASCER, Co 50–51, f. 2, Rd. 9, s. 2, p4, fasc. 15. An undated document, “Note sur la situation des Israélites des États Pontificaux, et sur ceux de Rome in particulier,” found in the same folder as the document cited above, and possibly an appendix to it, further chronicles the restrictions reimposed on Rome’s Jews following the restoration.
30. Story 1864, vol. 1, pp. 81–82. One example comes in an early 1851 letter from the police head for the Regola rione of Rome, addressed to the cardinal vicar, complaining bitterly of the scandal of still seeing Jews living in the same buildings as Catholics. Francesco Soderini a Cardinale Patrizi, 15 gennaio 1851, ASVR, Segreteria, Atti, b. 76, fasc. 28. There is even some evidence of the attempt to reintroduce the forced sermons, held at a church bordering the ghetto. Jewish men were forced several times a year to attend the conversionary sermons, given by a Dominican, on Saturday afternoons. The semiofficial Rome almanac for 1851 identifies Sant’Angelo in Pescheria as the “Church where sermons for the Jews are held,” and lists the three priests charged with the sermons. Notizie 1851, p. 371.
31. Senior 1871, vol. 2, pp. 113–15. Caetani had been one of Rome’s noblemen called into service by Pius IX. He had also served as the president of the Roman Club. Caetani 1974, p. 33.
32. Viaene 2001, p. 505.
33. Senior 1871, vol. 2, pp. 93–94 (Senior’s diary entry is dated March 3, 1851).
34. Cass to Webster, Rome, May 24, 1851, n. 42, in Stock 1933, pp. 85–86.
35. Quoted in Viaene 2001, p. 505.
EPILOGUE
1. Gajani 1856, p. 422; Citoyen romain 1852, pp. 233–40.
2. Marchese G. Sacchetti, provveditore, Arciconfraternità di San Giovanni Decollato, in Colonna 1938, pp. 277–81. On the Rossi murder trial, also see Giovagnoli 1911. The court findings in the case are found in ASR, Tribunale supremo della Sacra consulta, Processi politici, b. 217, fasc. 132, Pellegrino Rossi.
3. Ghisalberti 1965, pp. 236–48.
4. Less than five months after Charles Bonaparte died, his son, Lucien, renounced his newly acquired title of prince of Canino to enter the priesthood. A decade later Pius IX appointed him a cardinal. Casanova 1999, p. 169; Bartoccini 1969, p. 13.
5. Story 1864, vol. 2, pp. 81–87. The most notorious forced baptism case in these years involved the six-year-old Edgardo Mortara, taken from his parents on orders of the inquisitor in Bologna in 1858 and sent to Rome, where Pius IX himself became intimately involved in resisting pressures for the child’s return. Kertzer 1997. For other cases of forced baptism in nineteenth-century Rome, see Kertzer 2001, pp. 38–59.
6. Odo Russell to Earl R., 17 January 1865, in Blakiston 1962, n. 310.
7. Odo Russell to Earl of C., 22 January 1866, in Blakiston 1962, n. 335.
8. Odo Russell to Lord S., 16 January 1868, and Odo Russell to Lord S., 26 March 1868, in Blakiston 1962, nn. 349 and 383.
9. The English text of Quanta cura can be found at http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9quanta.htm; the text of the Syllabus of Errors is found at http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9syll.htm.
10. Longfellow to George W. Greene, Rome, January 30, 1869, in Longfellow 1886, p. 450.
11. Mozley 1891, vol. 2, p. 103.
12. The best discussion of the pope’s role in the Vatican Council is found in Martina 1990, pp. 111–232.
13. See Kertzer 2004, pp. 33–35.
14. Mack Smith 1994, pp. 204–11; Cadorna 1889, pp. 28, 35.
15. D. M. Armstrong to Hamilton Fish, U.S. consulate, Rome, 23 September 1870, in Stock 1945, pp. 354–56.
16. Gregorovius 1907, pp. 404–5.
17. The encyclical, Respicientes ea omnis, was released on November 1, 1870. Halperin 1939, pp. 101–2.
18. Martina 1971, pp. 316–17.
19. For a full description of the fraught funeral procession, see Kertzer 2004, pp. 179–97.
20. Kertzer 2014, pp. 98–113.
21. “Homily of His Holiness John Paul II,” 3 September 2000, Beatification of Pius IX, John XXIII, Tommaso Reggio, William Chaminade, and Columba Marmion, found at http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification.html.
22. Negro 1966, p. 162; Coppa 1990, p. 179. Although the woman lost her suit, many believed she deserved to win. For more on the case, see Pirri 1958, pp. 105–17. Coppa (1990, p. 181) disputes the allegation that Antonelli had acquired a fortune through illicit means while secretary of state and also disputes the widespread belief that he left little to the church in his will.
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