The Code Breaker, page 53
Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein, 267, 269, 283, 286, 297
SHERLOCK (specific high sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking), 424–25, 428–31, 451, 453 STOP, 431, 460
Sherlock Biosciences, 425, 428, 430
Shibasaburō, Kitasato, 159
SHINE, 453
Shockley, William, 90
sickle-cell anemia, 41, 337, 343–45, 361, 376, 390, 392, 414 CRISPR therapy for, xviii, 245–49, 329, 340
Šikšnys, Virginijus, 142, 143–49, 179–80, 220, 221, 225, 375, 470
Silicon Valley, 114, 116, 219, 301
Silver, Lee, 277–78
Sinovac, 437
Sinsheimer, Robert, 268
skin color, 347–48
Slack, xv, 405, 459, 463
SLC24A5 gene, 347–48
smallpox, 436
social contract theories, 357, 358
social inequality, 274, 288, 358, 360, 362–63, 369, 376–77, 391–92
software, 432 open-source, 163, 256
somatic editing, 246, 276–77, 288, 329, 336, 338, 341
Sontheimer, Erik, 70, 93–94, 139, 148–49, 180, 187, 213, 220, 376, 377, 470
Spiegel, 205
Splicing Life report, 273–74
sports and muscle enhancement, 253–55, 348–49, 361, 376
Stanford University, 114, 115, 232, 410 Children’s Hospital, 344
Zhang at, 167
Startup in a Box, 116
Stat, 306, 308, 326
State Department, U.S., 23
Stein, Rob, 245
Steitz, Joan, 56
Steitz, Tom, 56–57, 63–64
Stimson, Henry, 338
STING program, 165
Stock, Gregory, 276, 278
Streptococcus pyogenes, 122, 139, 182
Streptococcus thermophilus, 91, 182
Sternberg, Sam, 107–8, 136, 146–47, 218, 287, 372, 374–75 Happy Healthy Baby and, 284–86
transposons paper of, 374
Sunday Times, 26, 387, 392
Sun Microsystems, 114
Supreme Court, U.S., 231, 232, 239
Swanson, Robert A., 96, 99
Synagogue Council of America, 273
Szostak, Jack, 35, 37, 40, 42, 45–49, 53, 208, 228, 436, 442, 472
tadpoles, 171, 172
TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), 155, 167, 177–79, 187, 190
Tay-Sachs disease, 41, 329, 337
technology, xvii biotechnology, see biotechnology
digital, xvii, 28, 114
and linear model of innovation, 89–90
Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 151
Templeton Foundation, 303
Terman, Frederick, 114
terrorists, 259–63
test-tube baby, 274, 313, 328
Texas Instruments, 240
Theory of Justice, A (Rawls), 357–58
therapies, 233, 245–51 blindness, xviii, 250
cancer, xviii, 249–51
safe viruses as delivery method in, 456
sickle cell, xviii, 245–49, 329, 340
Third Rock Ventures, 209, 211
This Week in Virology, 415
Thoreau, Henry David, 6
thought experiments, 339, 341–54, 361, 362 character, 345–46
cognitive skills, 354
deafness, 346–48
disabilities, 345–48
Huntington’s disease, 341–42, 361, 365
psychological disorders, 352–54
sexual orientation, 347–48, 361
sickle cell, 343–45, 361
skin color, 347–48
Thousand Talents Recruitment Program, 301
Thurstone, Louis Leon, 392
thymine, 26, 27
Tieu, Dori, 406, 418
Time, 40, 100, 265, 269, 391
Time Machine, The (Wells), 267
Times (London), 26, 387, 392
Tjian, Robert, 405
Tolkien, J. R. R., 415
Torvalds, Linus, 256
transposons, 49, 373–76
transhumanism, 351–52
transistors, xvii, xix, 89–90, 117, 201
Truman, Harry, 89
Trump administration, 411
Tuomanen, Elaine, 121–22
Türeci, Özlem, 441
Turing, Alan, 28
Tuskegee experiments, 461
Twigg-Smith, Lisa Hinkley, 5, 59
Twitter, 226, 227, 388, 416 National Academy’s video and, 355–56
Tyler, Anne, 7
unintended consequences, 277, 290, 364
universities corporate involvement in research, 274
government-business-university partnerships, 117–18, 232–33
patents and, 232, 473
University of Alicante, 71, 72, 74, 76
University of California, 116 Berkeley, see Berkeley, University of California at
University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 98, 261 Innovative Genomics Institute, 248, 261, 380–82, 401–3
COVID and, 401–5, 413–18, 419
University of Colorado, 53, 55
University of Pennsylvania, 249, 279, 416
University of Vienna, 122, 233, 235n
University of Washington, 409–10, 415
University of Zurich, 380
Urnov, Dmitry, 414
Urnov, Fyodor, 261–62, 406, 414–15, 417–18, 419, 421, 459–60
U.S. Catholic Conference, 273
utilitarianism, 357
utopians, 267–69
vaccines, 357, 365, 435–47, 455 COVID, 434, 435–47, 449
clinical trials of, 435–36, 440–41, 445–46, 461
Fauci and, 442
FDA and, 446
Isaacson in trial of, 435–36, 440–41, 445–46
DNA, 439–41, 444–45, 456
genetic, 437–39
RNA, 439, 440–42, 445–47, 449
traditional, 436–37, 449
for polio, 345, 437
van der Oost, John, 84, 127
van Gogh, Vincent, 352, 353
Vanity Fair, 219
Varian Associates, 114
Vence, Tracy, 228
Venter, Craig, 36, 39–40
venture capitalists, 98, 99, 113–17, 205, 285, 301
viruses, xvi, 19, 65, 403, 449, 474 coronaviruses, see coronaviruses
CRISPR as tool for detecting, 115, 118, 421–25, 431–32, 451
at-home tests, 430–32, 460
coronavirus, 413, 417, 421–25, 427–33, 453
HPV, 422–23
CRISPR cures for, 449–57
CARVER, 452–53, 455–57
PAC-MAN, 454–57, 460
CRISPR used by bacteria against, see CRISPR
human vulnerability to, 350, 351
CRISPR gene editing and, xv, xix
pandemics, see pandemics
phage, see phages
RNA in, 65, 451–53
RNA interference and, 66–67
Wade, Nicholas, 40, 172, 289
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 12–13, 159
Wall Street Journal, 332
Wang, Emily, 310
Warren, Elizabeth, 290–91
Washington Post, 229, 347, 408
Waters, Alice, 140–41
Watson, Duncan, 397
Watson, Elizabeth, 38–39, 386, 388, 395, 397
Watson, James, 18–28, 37–39, 166, 266, 302, 333, 352, 385–94, 475, 479 on abortion, 337
art collection of, 395
at Asilomar, 270–72
Avoid Boring People, 386–87
Berg and, 271
childhood of, 18
as Cold Spring Harbor director, 37
Cold Spring Harbor’s cutting of ties with, 386, 387, 390
Crick’s meeting of, 20
in DNA double-helix structure discovery, xviii, 7, 11, 26–28, 29–31, 46, 51, 58, 159, 386, 390, 395, 397, 423, 470
with DNA model, 16
The Double Helix, xix, 6–8, 9, 20, 21, 27, 29–31, 50, 157, 328, 391, 397, 398, 414, 459, 477–78
Doudna and, xviii, 8, 29, 48–50, 396
Doudna’s visit with, 395–98
Franklin and, 7–8, 22–26, 50, 389, 395
at gene-editing conference, 276–77
Human Genome Project and, 37–40, 388, 390, 391
on intelligence, 285–87, 389–90, 397
Isaacson’s visit to, 391–94
Jefferson Conundrum and, 390–91
ninetieth birthday of, 388–89
Nobel Prize awarded to, 28, 470
oil portrait of, 302, 384, 386, 390, 396
PBS documentary on, 384, 386, 389–90, 392, 393
on racial differences, 37, 49, 386–92, 394
Wilkins and, 19–21
Watson, Rufus, 37–39, 393–94, 395 in PBS documentary, 384
schizophrenia of, 38, 277, 352, 386, 389, 393
Watters, Kyle, 260
Wegrzyn, Renee, 262
Wells, H. G., 267
West Coast Computer Faire, 373
West Nile Virus, 305, 390
What Is Life? (Schrödinger), 18
Whitehead Institute, 206
Who Should Play God? (Howard and Rifkin), 269
Wiedenheft, Blake, 81–87, 82, 93, 95, 104, 105, 106, 108, 111, 113, 284 Jinek and, 85
Wiley, Don, 166
Wilkins, Maurice, 19–25 Nobel Prize awarded to, 28, 470
Wilson, James Q., 281
Wilson, Ross, 109–10, 402, 440, 456
Wired, 454
wisdom, 354, 365
Wojcicki, Anne, 219
women in science, xix, 8, 22, 31, 227, 459–61, 470, 471 Lander’s “Heroes of CRISPR” and, 227
self-promotion and, 110–11
Women in Science group, 381
Woods, Tiger, 351
woolly mammoth, 160, 169, 172
World Economic Forum in Davos, 368
World Health Organization (WHO), 329, 331, 409
World’s Fair (1964), 171
World War II, 20, 114 atom bomb in, xvii, 89, 117, 224, 265, 338
Worldwide Threat Assessment, 259
Wozniak, Steve, 256
Wu, Ting, 220, 221
X-ray crystallography, see crystallography
Yale University, 52, 57, 60–61, 63
yeast, 35, 45, 148–49, 232
Yellowstone National Park, 81–84
Yersin, Alexandre, 159
yogurt, xviii, 90–92, 133, 143, 478
Young, Mark, 83
Zayner, Josiah, 252, 253–57, 262–63, 325–28, 348, 481 COVID vaccine and, 443–45
CRISPR babies as viewed by, 235–26
coronavirus vaccine and, 434
zebrafish, 202
Zhang, Feng, 158, 161–67, 162, 259, 292, 302, 330, 376, 382, 385, 416, 420, 426, 454, 459, 460, 472, 473, 477 at Broad Institute, xv, 159, 161, 177, 179, 184–86, 189, 374, 421, 423, 424, 450–51, 454
Cas13 and, 423–25, 454
childhood of, 161–64, 432
Church and, 167, 174, 175, 178, 192–94
company formations and, 205, 206, 208–10
Editas, 210–13, 250, 454
in competition to adapt CRISPR into tool for gene editing in humans, xv, 64, 159–60, 174, 175–86, 191–95, 197, 199–202, 227
Cong and, 177–78, 184, 192–94
and CRISPR as detection tool for coronavirus, 421, 427–32
home testing kits, 432–33, 460
SHERLOCK, 424–25, 428–31, 451, 453
Sherlock Biosciences, 425, 428, 430
STOP, 431, 460
as CRISPR-Cas9 inventor, 210–11
CRISPR-Cas9 paper of (2013), 192, 195, 197, 199, 201, 202, 225, 233–34
emails to Doudna, 200–201, 207
gene-editing research with TALENs, 167, 177–79
grant application of, 179–80
at Harvard, 166, 167, 175
in high school, 165–66
on in vitro vs. in vivo gene editing, 183, 382
Lander and, 182–83, 220
Lander’s “Heroes of CRISPR” and, 182, 223–29
Levy and, 165–66
Lin and, 184, 192
Liu and, 461–62
Marraffini and, 180–82, 186, 192, 200, 213, 234–35, 240
patent of, with Broad Institute, 192, 207–8, 210–11, 219, 224–27, 233–40
in patent battle with Doudna, 184, 194, 208, 224, 234–40, 425, 470
possible partnership with Doudna, 207–8
at Quebec conference, 373, 375
Sabeti and, 450–51
at Stanford, 167
transposons paper of, 374–76
Zhou, Kaihong, 104
Zika virus, 424
zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), 155, 178, 179
Zoom, xiv, xv, 404–5, 414, 418, 426, 440, 459, 463, 464, 465, 472
Zuckerberg, Mark, 166, 219, 472
IMAGE CREDITS
By page number
Front and back endpaper: Carlos Chavarria/Redux
iv: Brittany Hosea-Small/UC Berkeley
xi (left and right): David Jacobs
xii: Jeff Gilbert/Alamy
2 :(clockwise): Courtesy of Jennifer Doudna; Leah Wyzykowski; courtesy of Jennifer Doudna
10: (left to right): George Richmond/Wikimedia/Public Domain; Wikimedia/Public Domain
16: A. Barrington Brown/Science Photo Library
25 (left to right): Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/Getty Images; Courtesy Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers, Oregon State University Libraries
27: Historic Images/Alamy
30: Courtesy of Jennifer Doudna
36: Natl Human Genome Research Institute
42: Jim Harrison
52: YouTube
62: Courtesy of Jennifer Doudna
70 (top to bottom): Courtesy of BBVA Foundation; courtesy of Luciano Marraffini
78: The Royal Society / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)
82: Mark Young
88: (top to bottom): Marc Hall/NC State courtesy of Rodolphe Barrangou; Franklin Institute/YouTube
96: Courtesy of Genetech
104: Roy Kaltschmidt/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
112: Courtesy of Caribou Biosciences
120: Hallbauer & Fioretti/Wikimedia Commons
130: Berkeley Lab
133: MRS Bulletin
138: Miguel Riopa/AFP via Getty Images
142 (clockwise): Edgaras Kurauskas/Vilniaus universitetas; Heribert Corn/courtesy of Krzysztof Chylinski; Michael Tomes/ courtesy of Martin Jinek
152: Andriano_CZ/iStock by Getty Images
158: (top to bottom): Justin Knight/McGovern Institute; Seth Kroll / Wyss Institute at Harvard University; Thermal PR
162: Justin Knight/McGovern Institute
168: Seth Kroll / Wyss Institute at Harvard University
176: Wikimedia Commons
188: Anastasiia Sapon/The New York Times/Redux
196: Courtesy of Martin Jinek
204: Courtesy Rodger Novak
214: BBVA Foundation
222: Casey Atkins, courtesy Broad Institute
230: Courtesy of Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C.
244: Amanda Stults, RN, Sarah Cannon Research Institute/The Children’s Hos
252: Courtesy of The Odin
258: Susan Merrell/UCSF
266: (top to bottom): National Academy of Sciences, courtesy of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Peter Breining/San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images
282: Pam Risdom
298: (top to bottom): Courtesy He Jiankui; ABC News/YouTube
314: (top and bottom): Kin Cheung/AP/Shutterstock
325: Courtesy of UCDC
334: Tom & Dee Ann McCarthy/Getty Images
340: Wonder Collaborative
366: Isaac Lawrence/AFP/Getty Images
372: Nabor Godoy
384 (top to bottom): Lewis Miller; PBS
396: Courtesy of Jennifer Doudna
400: Irene Yi / UC Berekely
406: Fyodor Urnov
412: Courtesy of Innovative Genomics Institute
420 (top to bottom): Mammoth Biosciences; Justin Knight/McGovern Institute
426: Omar Abudayyeh
448 (top to bottom): Paul Sakuma; courtesy of Cameron Myhrvold
458 (top to bottom): Wikimedia Commons; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives
468: Brittany Hosea-Small/UC Berkeley E103
476: Gordon Russell
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Isaacson, Walter, author.Title: The code breaker : Jennifer Doudna, gene editing, and the future of the human race / Walter Isaacson. Description: New York : Simon & Schuster, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “The bestselling author of Leonardo da Vinci and Steve Jobs returns with a gripping account of how the pioneering scientist Jennifer Doudna, along with her colleagues and rivals, launched a revolution that will allow us to cure diseases, fend off viruses, and enhance our children”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020043552 | ISBN 9781982115852 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781982115876 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Doudna, Jennifer A. | CRISPR (Genetics) | Gene editing. Classification: LCC QH440 .I83 2021 | DDC 576.5--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020043552
