The Code Breaker, page 51
Down’s syndrome, 337
Doxzen, Kevin, 255
dragonflies, 170
Dr. John, 479
drugs, 233, 451 insulin, 99
Duchesneau, Sharon, 346–47
Duke University, 171–72
Durbin, Richard, 325, 328
Dzau, Victor, 316, 329
East-Seletsky, Alexandra, 189–90, 424
Ebert, Roger, 276
Ebola, 425
E. coli, 71, 72, 74, 98
Economist, 473
Editas Medicine, 209–13, 250, 454
Education, U.S. Department of, 164
Einstein, Albert, xvii, 4, 90, 201, 262, 479
Eisen, Michael, 226, 232, 473
electroporation, 439–40, 444, 456
elephants, 251
eLife, 198 Doudna’s paper in, 198–201, 215, 225, 237
Ellingsen, Heidi Ruud, 221
Ellison, Eldora, 230, 239
embryos, animal, 284, 289
embryos, human genetic diagnosis of, 274–76, 285, 302, 327, 337, 342, 361–62
genetic editing of
Happy Healthy Baby and, 284–86
in nonviable embryos, 288, 290, 304
see also CRISPR babies; human germline editing
in Huxley’s Brave New World, 359
prenatal testing of, 337
purchase of, 326
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 6
empathy, 365, 480
Engineering the Human Germline conference, 276–78
Enlightenment, 357
entrepreneurs, 114–16, 285
enzymes, 44, 85, 86, 98, 164, 177 Cas, see CRISPR-associated enzymes
Dicer, 66, 79
FokI, 155
functions of, 86
nucleases, 155, 177
TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), 155, 167, 177–79, 187, 190
ZFNs (zinc-finger nucleases), 155, 178, 179
ribozymes, 44–45, 47, 53, 60
“Essay on the Principle of Population, An” (Malthus), 12–13
Esvelt, Kevin, 260
ethical questions, see moral questions
Ethics of Genetic Control, The (Fletcher), 268
eugenics, 37, 268, 359, 386 free-market, 360–63
eukaryotic cells, 148–49, 184, 237–38
evolution, 12–13, 17, 159, 277, 302, 360, 364, 481
experience machine, 353
Fabricated Man (Ramsey), 268–69
Fauci, Anthony, 410, 442
Faulkner, William, 414
fecal transplants, 254–55
FBI, 23
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 294, 363, 446
Ferrell, Ryan, 308–10, 312
Fire, Andrew, 66
Fisher, Carrie, 352
Flagship Ventures, 209
Fleming, Alexander, 56
Fleming, Jory, 346
Fletcher, Joseph, 268
flu, 118, 300, 431, 433, 438, 441, 447, 452, 454
fluorescence microscopy, 107–8
fluorescent proteins, 165–67, 382–83
flytrap plants, 171
FokI enzyme, 155
Fonfara, Ines, 137
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 294, 363, 446 coronavirus tests and, 407–10
Foy, Shaun, 205–7
Frangoul, Haydar, 244
Frankenstein (Shelley), 267, 269, 283, 286, 297
Franklin, Benjamin, 479
Franklin, Rosalind, 21–26, 25, 459–60, 462, 465, 470 death of, 28, 470
DNA work of, xviii, 7, 22–26, 28, 31, 46, 51, 53, 227, 389, 459, 470
“photograph 51,” 25, 25, 395
Watson and, 7–8, 22–26, 50, 389, 395
Wilkins and, 21–24
Frayne, Michael, 224
free market, 331, 357–59, 363 eugenics and, 360–63
Free Speech Movement Café, 80, 93, 471
frog genetic engineering kit, 253, 255, 348
fruit flies, 216
Fukuyama, Francis, 281
Gabriel, Stacey, 410
Gairdner Award, 220
Garland-Thomson, Rosemarie, 345–46
Gates, Bill, 373, 439
Gates Foundation, 118, 248, 439
Gattaca, xv, 275–76, 337, 361
Gelsinger, Jesse, 279, 304
GeneCopoeia, 380
gene drives, 260
gene editing, xviii, 46, 47, 60, 61, 478 base editing, 462
double-strand break in, 154, 374, 382
homology-directed repair of, 143, 195, 201
nonhomologous end-joining of, 143
invention of, 154–55
moral concerns about, see moral questions
prime editing, 462
TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases) in, 155, 167, 177–79, 187, 190
transposons in, 373–76
in yeast, 35, 148–49
ZFNs (zinc-finger nucleases) in, 155, 178, 179
Zhang’s research on, 167, 177–79
see also CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing
Genentech, 97–102, 113–14 Doudna and, 97–102, 103, 105, 107, 113, 114
genes, 11–15, 17–19, 46, 478 jumping, 49, 373–76
mutations in, 12, 13, 41
see also DNA
Genesis, Book of, 1
gene therapies, 153–54, 274 Gelsinger and, 279, 304
genetically modified foods, 329, 478
genetic engineering, 64, 98, 100, 113, 153, 167, 172, 268, 478 American vs. European attitudes toward, 278
Asilomar and, 269–73, 330, 331
bioconservatives and, 267–69, 280
in China, 301
Kass Commission and, 280–81
moral questions concerning, see moral questions
moratorium proposed for, 270, 272
patents for, 392
recombinant DNA, 98–100, 153, 232, 269–71, 274, 287, 330, 331
regulation of, 270, 278, 281
utopians and, 267–69
see also biotechnology; CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing; gene editing
genomes, 74 human, 74
Human Genome Project, 37–41, 43, 45, 74, 172, 175, 280, 330, 352, 388, 390, 391
non-coding regions of, 416
Genomic Prediction, 361–62
George, Robert, 281
Germany, 278 Nazi, 356, 359
germline (inheritable) editing, see human germline editing
Gilbert, Sarah, 438–39
Gilbert, Walter, 47, 172
Glass, Bentley, 268, 280
GlaxoSmithKline, 431
Glendon, Mary Ann, 281
Global Synthetic Biology Summit, 253–55
Google, 114
Gootenberg, Jonathan, 425, 426, 428, 451
Gore, Al, 40
Gould, John, 12
Graham, John, 395
Graham, Lindsey, 328
Graves, Joseph, 389
Gray, Victoria, 244, 245–47, 343
Greene, Eric, 107, 108
Greene, Graham, 352
Greninger, Alex, 409–10
Griffin, Tom, 54–56
guanine, 26, 27
Guardian, 293
Gut Hack, 255
hacking, 256, 259 computer, 263
biohacking, 253–57, 23, 285, 288, 443–44
Hall, Stephen, 227–28
Hamburg, Margaret, 329, 331
Hamilton, Jennifer, xiv, 381–83, 412, 415, 456
Hamilton STARlet, 417
Hapai, Marlene, 6
Happy Healthy Baby, 284–86
Harald V, King, 221
Harmon, Amy, 390
Harmonicare Women and Children’s Hospital, 304
Harrington, Lucas, 110, 420, 422, 424, 429–30, 451, 460
Harrison, Brian, 410
Harvard University, 35, 114, 208, 228, 235n, 324, 450 Church at, 172
Doudna at, 34–35, 40, 64, 208
Medical School, 167, 172, 175, 193, 369
vaccines and, 442–44
Zhang at, 166, 167, 175
see also Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Hastings Center, 310
Hauer, Michael, 137
Haurwitz, Rachel, 101, 104, 105–6, 108, 112, 113–15, 136, 205, 208, 213, 239 Caribou Biosciences, 113–18, 203, 207–8, 213
Intellia Therapeutics, 213
Hawaii, xix, 98 Hilo, 2, 3–6, 8, 58, 59, 123
Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of, 407
heart disease, 251
Heenan, Christine, 228–29
height, 349–51, 361, 376
Heisenberg, Werner, 224
He Jiankui, 299–313, 481 Deem and, 300, 301, 307–9
Doudna and, 298, 302–4, 315–17, 319, 321–24, 328, 332
early life of, 299–300
editing of PCSK9 gene studied by, 251
human embryo editing principles of, 309, 323
Hurlbut and, 306, 307
at International Summit on Human Genome Editing, 314, 315–24
Porteus and, 306–7, 314, 321, 323
PR campaign of, 308–11
Quake and, 300, 301, 307
removal of HIV receptor in embryos by, xv–xvi, 251, 303–13, 316–24, 369, 404
birth of babies, 311–13, 315, 318
conviction and sentencing for, 332
Hemingway, Ernest, 352, 353
Hemmes, Don, 2, 5–6, 32–33, 59
hemoglobin, 246, 247
hepatitis B, 437
hepatitis C, 118
heredity, 11–15, 17, 18, 20, 28
Hernandez, Lisa, 417–18
“Heroes of CRISPR, The” (Lander), 182, 223–29, 388
Hewlett-Packard, 114
Hilo, Hawaii, 2, 3–6, 8, 58, 59, 123
Hinckley, John, 352
Hitler, Adolf, 283, 286
HIV and AIDS, 166, 305, 390, 431 He Jiankui’s removal of HIV receptor in embryos, xv–xvi, 251, 303–13, 316–24, 369, 404
sperm-washing and, 305, 322
Hockemeyer, Dirk, 406, 418
Hockney, David, 395
Holbrooke, Richard, 224
Holdren, John, 294
Homebrew Computer Club, 256, 373
Hong Kong summit (International Summit on Human Genome Editing, 2018), 295, 312, 314, 315–24, 366
Hoover, Jessica, 115
Horvath, Philippe, 88, 90–93, 143–44, 177, 178, 220, 223, 470
Hospital for Sick Children, 369
Hotchkiss v. Greenwood, 231
How Innovation Works (Ridley), 90
How to Be Human (Fleming), 346
HPV, 422–23
Hsu, Patrick, 420, 454, 460
hubris, 268, 281 playing God, 269, 273, 333, 363–65, 480–81
HUDSON, 453
Human Genome Project, 37–41, 43, 45, 74, 172, 175, 280, 330, 352, 388, 390, 391
human germline (inheritable) editing, xv, 245–47, 276–78, 303, 324, 376 absence of laws against, 294
accessibility of technology for, 326, 380, 383
broad societal consensus on, 292–93
congressional hearing on, 325, 328–29
CRISPR babies, 245–47, 297–332, 325–32, 335, 337
birth of, 311–13, 315, 318
He Jiankui’s conviction and sentencing for his work, 332
HIV receptor removal in, xv–xvi, 251, 303–13, 316–24, 369, 404
criteria for allowing, 293
Doudna’s views on, 331–32, 367–70
He Jiankui’s principles of, 309, 323
international commissions on, 329–30
International Summit on Human Gene Editing (2015), 282, 292–93, 315, 317
medical tourism and, 291, 329
moral issues with, 245–47, 276–77, 287–93, 332, 341
He Jiankui and, 304
Napa Valley conference and, 287–90, 292, 332
as red line, 276–77, 322, 324, 336–38
see also moral questions
moratorium issue and, 289, 292, 293, 323, 324, 330–32, 335
National Academy of Sciences and, 292–94, 309, 329
video and, 355–56
Nuffield Council and, 293, 294
“prudent path forward” goal for, 272, 287, 289, 292, 331, 332, 370
regulations on, 361
global, 294–95
restraints on, 288–89, 292, 293, 323–24
unintended consequences of, 277, 290, 364
Human Nature, 344
human papillomavirus (HPV, 422–23
Hung, Deborah, 410
Hunt-Grubbe, Charlotte, 387
Huntington’s disease, 41, 329, 337, 341–42, 361, 365, 368–69, 376, 392
Hurlbut, William, 306, 307
Huxley, Aldous Brave New World, xv, 267, 269, 280, 281, 353, 358–59
Island, 359
Huxley, Julian, 352
IDT, 380
Illumina, 301
IMAGe syndrome, 349–50
immune system, 449–50, 455, 457
Indiana University, 18–19
individual choice, 331, 358, 359, 369 community vs., 356–59
free-market eugenics and, 360–63
inequality, 274, 288, 358, 360, 362–63, 369, 376–77, 391–92
influenza, 118, 300, 431, 433, 438, 441, 447, 452, 454
information technology, 358, 359
inheritable (germline) editing, see human germline editing
innovation, 432 government-business-university partnerships and, 117–18, 232–33
institutions and, 405
linear model of, 89–90
military spending and, 259
see also science; technology
Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), 248, 261, 380–82, 401–3, 456 COVID and, 401–5, 413–18, 419
Inovio Pharmaceuticals, 439–40
insulin, 99
Intel, 241
intellectual property, 405, 473–74 licensing
COVID and, 405
of CRISPR technology, 208, 211
patents, see patents
intelligence, 354, 360–62, 376 Watson’s comments on, 385–87, 389–90, 392, 397
Intellia Therapeutics, 213
Intel Science Search, 166
International Summit on Human Gene Editing (2015, Washington D.C.), 282, 292–93
International Summit on Human Genome Editing (2018, Hong Kong), 295, 312, 314, 315–24, 366
internet, xvii, 117, 262, 359
introns, 44–45, 49, 53, 55, 66
in vitro fertilization (IVF), 274, 280, 284–85, 327, 328, 337, 361 Louise Brown (first test-tube baby), 274, 313, 328
Ioffe, Julia, 410
IQ, see intelligence
Isaacson, Walter in COVID vaccine trial, 435–36, 440–41, 445–46
CRISPR editing learned by, xiv, 378, 379–83
Watson visited by, 391–94
Ishee, David, 434, 443–45
Ishino, Yoshizumi, 71, 72
Island (Huxley), 359
Jansen, Kathrin, 441
Jansen, Ruud, 73
Jasin, Maria, 465
Jefferson Conundrum, 390–91
jellyfish, 165–66
Jenner, Edward, 436
Jenner Institute, 438
Jerome, Keith, 409
Jews, 388–89
Jezebel, 227
Jinek, Martin, 84–85, 87, 104, 105, 106, 108–10, 128, 129–32, 130, 134–36, 142, 237, 287, 374, 380–81, 465, 470 Charpentier and, 128
in competition to adapt CRISPR into tool for gene editing in humans, 187–90, 197–99, 201
CRISPR conference presentation of, 141, 147–48
CRISPR papers and, 108, 137, 140, 215
Wiedenheft and, 85
Jobs, Steve, 4, 103, 358, 373, 390–91, 463, 479 “Think Different” ad, 326, 371
Johannsen, Wilhelm, 15
Johnson & Johnson, 438
Joung, Keith, 202, 209
Journal of Bacteriology, 33–34
Journal of Molecular Evolution, 76
Journal of the Plague Year, A (Defoe), 414
J.P. Morgan, 210
jumping genes (transposons), 49, 373–76
June, Carl, 249
Jurassic Park, xviii, 164
Kass, Leon, 280–81
Kass Commission, 280–81
Katz, Deborah, 238
Kavli Prize, 221
Ketchens, Doreen, 480
Kilby, Jack, 240–41
Kim, Jin-Soo, 202
Kingsley, David, 385
Kissinger, Henry, 4
Klee, Paul, 395
Klompe, Sanne, 375
Knoepfler, Paul, 356
Knott, Gavin, 260, 378, 379–81, 402–3, 462
Kolter, Roberto, 34–35
Koonin, Eugene, 76–77, 80, 92, 423
Krauthammer, Charles, 281
Lam, Wifredo, 395
Lander, Eric, 39, 175–77, 193, 207, 209, 211, 212, 216, 222, 374, 388 as Broad Institute director, 64, 144, 160, 175, 216, 220, 223, 225–28
Charpentier and, 220, 223–24
Church and, 172, 227–28
in competition to adapt CRISPR into tool for gene editing in humans, 64, 160
COVID and, 410–11
Doudna and, 144–45
Doudna and Charpentier’s Nobel and, 471–72
“The Heroes of CRISPR,” 182, 223–29, 388
moratorium issue and, 330–32
prizes and, 219–20
Zhang and, 182–83, 220
Larson, Christina, 310
Lasky, Larry, 115
Lassa fever, 425
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 64, 87, 117, 456–57
Leber congenital amaurosis, 250
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 159
Leonardo da Vinci, xix, 4, 259, 338, 375, 457, 478, 479
Lessing, Doris, 7
Levy, John, 165–66
Levy, Steven, 454
licensing COVID and, 405
of CRISPR technology, 208, 211
