Watergate, page 95
cover-up versus, 583–84
CREEP (Nixon reelection campaign) and, 179, 180, 182, 183, 198, 199, 201, 205, 208–9, 215, 220, 224–26, 228–31, 233, 234, 237–39, 244, 246, 247n, 249, 254–55, 257, 259, 260, 269, 323, 324, 340, 620
Cuban burglars in, 162–63, 166, 172, 174, 178, 197–98, 200, 209, 261, 290, 302, 303, 338, 421, 453
failure of bugs planted during, 163–64, 172
FBI and, 183–85, 196, 198, 107–13, 217–20, 222, 223, 227–31, 244–46, 251, 255–56, 259, 265, 268–70, 272, 273, 275, 276, 283, 315, 316, 319, 343, 366, 389, 456
grand juries and, 237, 239, 247, 255, 274–77, 284–87, 330, 343–47, 351n, 371, 372, 401, 405, 440, 456, 462, 464, 481, 519, 557n, 565, 568, 571, 580–82, 582n, 584–87, 598, 602
grand jury’s straw vote on indicting Nixon for, 586
immunity issue and, 358–59, 363, 379
indictments for, xxi, 230–31, 237–38, 249, 252, 254, 255, 262n, 266, 360, 383
Justice Department and, 182, 184n, 189, 230, 239–40, 244–45, 249, 251, 252, 254, 259, 260, 262n, 267–69, 272, 274, 283, 315, 321, 324, 343, 360, 362, 365
as last of series of similar acts, 379, 407, 585
McGovern headquarters plan and, 120, 153, 156, 161–62, 164, 166
Mexican money trail and, 152, 208, 211, 212, 218, 227, 235–36, 247
motives for, 170–78, 209, 299, 678
news of, 179–93
O’Brien’s office targeted in, 144, 153, 163, 164, 171–73, 175, 185, 246, 259
payments to participants in, 224–26, 283–84, 302–4, 327–28, 347, 361, 492–93, 637
public interest in, 240, 258, 273, 299, 365, 464
sabotage as possibility in, 176–77
security guard and, 167, 168n
Senate committee on, see Senate Watergate Committee
Senate hearings on, see Senate Watergate Committee hearings
slush funds and, 151–52, 239, 244, 249, 255, 257, 267, 333, 398
special prosecutor’s force and, see Watergate Special Prosecution Force
taping of entrance doors in, 166, 167
theories on, 170–78, 209, 304
timing of, 164–65
trials on, see Watergate trials
in White House tape of June 23, 634
see also specific people involved
Watergate break-in cover-up, xix, xx, xxxiv, 36, 178, 181n, 196n, 200, 203, 206, 220, 228, 230, 238, 246, 249, 250, 256, 263, 281, 282, 290, 304, 308, 312, 317, 319n, 324, 329, 340, 347, 348, 352, 353, 358, 359n, 362, 375, 378, 383n, 389, 393, 398, 404–6, 408, 411, 415, 421, 433, 434, 447–48, 455, 460, 492, 511, 532, 537, 541, 568, 574, 577, 580, 581, 583–84, 595, 599, 602, 606, 620, 623, 625, 626, 652 burglary versus, 583–84
hiding and destruction of documents, 201–2, 204, 205, 212–13, 256, 291–92, 309–10, 443, 577
hush money, 200, 224–26, 237, 281–82, 303n, 304, 330–33, 348, 350, 368, 392, 405, 410, 447, 547, 578, 582n
retyping of documents, 548
Senate hearings and, 316
“Watergate babies,” xviii, 671–72
Watergate Committee, see Senate Watergate Committee
Watergate complex, 35–36, 115, 117, 160–61 burglaries at, 161, 184
design of, 160
DNC’s move to, 160
hotel in, as tourist stop, 445
“Republican Bastille” at, 160–61
security system at, 161
Watergate scandal, xviii celebrity of major players in, 444–45, 589–90
as conspiracy, xx
documentation and literature on, xxii–xxiii, 616
“gate” suffix from, xviii
irony of, xxii–xxiii
as mindset, xix
mysteries of, 678
mythology of, 675–76
national security as justification for actions in, xv, xxv, 120, 206, 209, 210, 345, 349, 362, 371, 378, 432n, 446n, 455, 459, 461n, 481n, 604, 607, 671, 675
as Nixon story versus Washington story, xxi–xxii
popular-history story of, xix
as single story, 606
Washington life and, 463
White House tapes and, see Nixon White House tapes
Watergate scandal, other scandals and investigations related to, xx, 378–79, 395n, 407, 469, 473, 475, 532, 585, 590, 606, 674 Agnew bribery case, xx, 449–53, 467–69, 474–76, 578, 578n
Beard memo, 132–35, 137–40, 195
Cambodia, 47, 422, 423, 441, 465, 574, 636, 641
Chennault Affair, xx, 27–37, 174, 210, 327n, 408n
Huston Plan, xx, 52, 71, 210, 378, 386–89, 407, 423
ITT, 130–35, 137–40, 141, 142, 155, 171, 172, 182n, 195, 205, 239, 306n, 322, 379, 386, 395n, 404, 416, 420, 456, 532, 534, 590, 592, 606
Kissinger wiretaps, 14–15, 73–75, 321, 353–54, 384, 386, 388, 465
McGovern headquarters plan, 120, 153, 156, 161–62, 164, 166
milk price fixing, 148–49, 482, 501, 532, 592, 606, 641, 654
Nixon’s tax evasion, xx, 537–59, 552, 590, 625, 636, 641, 670
Pentagon Papers, xvi, xxxii, xxxiv, 15, 17–23, 27, 36, 37, 62, 63, 65, 66, 69, 73, 74, 79, 81, 84, 84n, 88, 92, 95, 172, 233, 366, 382, 384n
Vesco donation, 150–51, 371, 383, 387, 396, 583, 593–94
Watergate Special Prosecution Force, 401–4, 415–22, 433–35, 453–54, 456, 481, 491, 499n, 505, 519, 533–34, 548, 577–83 abolishing of, 510, 513–16
Bork’s meeting with, 517
continuation of, 516–17
Dean’s plea deal and, 491–93
impeachment road map of, 581, 584, 586–87
memos pushing for presidential indictment, 578–79
“monkey problem” and, 668
and Nixon as co-conspirator, 580–82, 609
Steinbrenner and, 590
White House tapes and, 433–35, 437–41, 448, 462, 466–67, 469, 486–91, 493–94, 497–504, 525, 540, 547, 596
writ of certiorari of, 603
see also Cox, Archibald; Jaworski, Leon
Watergate trials, 299–300, 301–10, 311, 339 guilty pleas in, 302–4, 398, 456
guilty verdicts in, 309, 313, 317
jury selection in, 301
sentencing of defendants in, 337–38
of Watergate Seven, 584–86, 603, 607, 609, 638, 669–70
Weather Underground, 47, 48, 674
Weicker, Lowell, 312, 315, 355, 366, 378, 392, 409, 426, 445n, 447, 453, 537n, 552 Dean and, 536–37
Weinberg, Richard, 578–79
Weiss, Mark, 564–65
Welander, Robert O., 102–4
Weld, William, 573
Wells, Ida Maxwell “Maxie,” 173–74
Wenner, Jann, 227
Western Airlines, 146, 423
Westfall, Suzanne, 503
Westrell, Harlan, 190
White, Byron, 631
White, Theodore H. “Teddy,” 35, 41, 111, 420, 610, 631–32, 669, 674
White House chief of staff, role of, 8n
White House taping system Johnson’s use of, 59
Nixon’s use of, see Nixon White House tapes
Whitehurst, William, 517
Whitney, Cornelius Vanderbilt, 147
Whitten, les, 126
Wicker, Tom, 25, 113n, 210
Wiggins, Charles, 646, 651
Wilkins, Roger, 375
Will, George F., 464, 567
Williams, Edward Bennett, 238, 257, 286, 289
Wills, Frank, 167, 169n, 176n, 187, 230n, 676
Wilson, James, 447
Wilson, Jerry, 61, 319
wiretapping, 51, 144, 159, 300, 306, 307, 366, 378, 379, 673, 674 of Democratic Party headquarters, see Watergate break-in
by FBI, 46
Kissinger’s ordering of, 14–15, 73–75, 321, 353–54, 384, 386, 388, 465
WisPolitics, 216n
Witcover, Jules, 35, 392
With Honor (Van Atta), 411n
Woestendiek, Kay, 116n
Wong, Al, 59, 105
Woods, Joseph, 99
Woods, Rose Mary, 88, 99, 160, 427, 657 Butterfield as viewed by, 430n
campaign funds and, 332–33, 457
jewelry stolen from, 161, 184
life and career of, 544–45
Nixons’ relationship with, 544
tape recorder purchased for, 470, 546
Volner and, 545, 566, 567
White House tape accidentally erased by, 470, 541, 544–46, 567
White House tapes transcribed by, 470–71, 566
White House tape system installation and, 59
Woodward, Bob, 185–86, 189–90, 227, 240, 253, 430, 677 All the President’s Men, xxi, xxiii, 193n, 274n, 275, 286–88, 422, 611–15, 675n
All the President’s Men movie, xxi, 167, 234n, 253, 611n, 613, 675–77
Bernstein’s relationship with, 189–90
Bremer and, 159
Felt (“Deep Throat”) and, 192–93, 245–46, 254–55, 268–69, 276, 287, 358, 387–88, 611–15, 676, 678
The Final Days, 594n, 643n, 658n
Graham and, 289
Hersh and, 303n, 376
income of, 611
Nixon’s resignation and, 663
The Secret Man, 271n, 388n
Senate Watergate hearings and, 315–16
Stahl and, 253n
Watergate and, xviii, xxi, 185–87, 189–93, 207, 227, 234–36, 245, 246, 252–57, 259n, 263, 266–70, 272, 273n, 274–77, 284–88, 300, 358, 374–77, 384
Watergate grand jurors and, 285–88
Work, Chuck, 183
World War II, 3, 45, 81, 463, 648, 667
Wright, Charles Alan, 403, 437–38, 455, 458–59, 465–66, 494, 497–98, 502, 519, 520
Wyatt, Elmer, 122
Yates, Nell, 182
Yom Kippur War (Arab-Israeli War), xvii, xix, 475–77, 481–82, 485–87, 489, 493, 501, 509, 520–22, 656
Young, David, 78, 79, 82–84, 101, 102, 104, 218, 464
Young Americans for Freedom, 49
Zeifman, Jerome, xxiii, 408–10, 528, 553–55, 628, 636
Ziebert, Duke, 616
Ziegler, Ron, xxxii, 6, 37, 155, 161, 178, 181, 198, 267, 275, 280, 341, 359, 374, 377, 418, 419, 427, 503, 513, 521, 532–33, 564, 593, 650, 655, 657, 658, 660
Zier, Linde, 593
Image Credits
Insert 1
1 White House Photo, Richard Nixon Library WHPO-6570-18A
2 Photo by Jean-Pierre (JP) Laffont
3 Official White House photo, Nixon Library
4 Photo by David Hume Kennerly, Courtesy of Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona: David Hume Kennerly, and © Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
5 Official White House portrait by Oliver Atkins, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-C5500-02
6 Official White House portrait by Oliver Atkins, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-1040-22A
7 Official White House portrait by Oliver Atkins, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-E0398-20A
8 Official White House portrait by Oliver Atkins, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-1040-22A
9 Official White House photo, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-1175-18
10 Official White House photo by Robert L. Knudson
11 Official White House photo by Robert L. Knudson, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-7935-30A
12 Official White House photo by Oliver Atkins, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-C5487-04
13 Official White House photo, Nixon Library WHPO-5465-34
14 Official White House photo by Karl Schumacher, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-2286-01
15 Official White House photo by Oliver Atkins, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-C0868
16 Official White House photo by Oliver Atkins, Nixon Library
17 Photo by David Hume Kennerly
18 Official US Government Portrait, FBI
19 Official White House photo
20 Official US Government photo, FBI collection, National Archives
21 Official White House portrait by Robert L. Knudson, Nixon Library NLRN-WHPO-2865-15A
22 Official White House photo, Nixon Library WHPO-5606-21
23 Official White House portrait by Karl Schumacher
24 Photo courtesy of Bettman Archives, Getty Images
25 Official White House portrait by Oliver Atkins, Nixon Library
Insert 2
1 Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives 304970
2 Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives
3 Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives
4 Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives
5 Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives
6 Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives
7 Photo by Mark Godfrey
8 Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives
9 Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives 304966
10 Official Department of Justice portrait
11 Official Department of Justice portrait
12 Official FBI portrait
13 Photo by David Hume Kennerly, Courtesy of Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona: David Hume Kennerly, and © Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
14 Photo courtesy of Bettman Archive, Getty Images
15 Photo by JP Laffont
16 Photo by David Hume Kennerly, Courtesy of Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona: David Hume Kennerly, and © Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
17 Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives
18 Photo by David Hume Kennerly, Courtesy of Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona: David Hume Kennerly, and © Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
19 Exhibit 73, Files of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, National Archives 7582819
20 Photo by David Hume Kennerly, Courtesy of Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona: David Hume Kennerly, and © Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
21 Photo by Charles Tasnadi/AP/Shutterstock
22 Official White House photo by Jack E. Kightlinger, Nixon Library WHPO-E2678-14
23 Photo by David Hume Kennerly, Courtesy of Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona: David Hume Kennerly, and © Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
24 Photo by David Hume Kennerly, Courtesy of Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona: David Hume Kennerly, and © Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
25 Photo by David Hume Kennerly, Courtesy of Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona: David Hume Kennerly, and © Center for Creative Photography, Arizona Board of Regents
26 Official White House photo, Nixon Library WHPO-E3398-09
27 National Archives 302035
28 Official White House photo, Gerald Ford Library A0004-10
Endpapers
Front Endpaper: Watergate exhibit photos, US Government, National Archives 304965
Rear Endpaper: Nixon departure sequence by David Hume Kennerly
Chapter 9: The Committee to Re-Elect
I. Magruder, in his telling of the story, says he announced Liddy as the campaign’s “supersleuth.”
II. As Nixon geared up for the reelection, he also installed a friendly—and feisty—leader atop the Republican National Committee: Bob Dole. While he’s remembered today as a kind and warm political icon, a man best known for celebrating the last of the World War II veterans, Dole at the time had a reputation as just about the most partisan and hard-nosed political brawler Nixon could find to lead the RNC.
III. As Nixon biographer Tom Wicker wrote, “Nixon found Agnew a shallow malcontent within the White House, but appreciated the public acclaim he had aroused for views the president shared.”
IV. Stanton’s words were notable because he was hardly a radical media voice; during the earlier Eisenhower-Nixon administration, he had been close enough to the government that he’d served as a secret, wartime censorship-czar-in-waiting.
V. She became such a fascinating celebrity to America that there were two full-length biographies published in the 1970s about her life, even though her husband—the first and only attorney general ever to serve time in prison—waited more than forty years before a single biography was written about him.
VI. One oft-told story was how when she expressed an interest in joining him on his regular golf outings, he purchased his left-handed wife right-handed clubs, insisting that she learn to golf that way; furious and fumbling in her lessons, she quickly gave up.
VII. Her press aide, Kay Woestendiek, struggled to keep up with the incoming requests, leading Martha herself to answer the phone sometimes as “Mrs. Woestendiek’s secretary.”
VIII. Her Watergate neighbor and regular confidante Anna Chennault had a different interpretation: “It was not that she drank too much, but that people simply couldn’t believe how she could say some of the things she did without being drunk,” Chennault wrote in her own memoir. “The label of an alcoholic was a convenient one for a high government official’s wife who expressed unpredictable opinions.” Similarly, Magruder’s wife, Gail, recognized in Martha an all-too-familiar figure: The Nixon administration was filled with men whose ambition led to hurtful neglect of their families, people who sought power instead of love—her own husband included. “My heart went out to her,” Gail told Jeb at one point. “She was so bouncy and funny, but she was like a child, always seeking your approval. She might have been entirely different if she’d married a warmer man, instead of one who froze her out of his life.”
IX. Once, passing a Vietnam War protester holding a candle on the streets of D.C., Liddy claims to have grabbed the man’s wrist and used the protester’s memorial candle to light his cigar. Ignition completed, he allegedly said, “There, you useless son of a bitch, at least now you’ve been good for something.”
