Arctic Dreams, page 50
Kuptana Site (PjRa18), 45–49, 52, 74–75
Labrador Sea, 204
Lancaster Sound, 119–52, 346
Natural Site of World Heritage Quality, 121n
Land
animal perception of, 268
integration with, 200–201, 260, 264–66, 279
and language, 277–78
obligations toward, 228
qualities of, xxiii, xxvii, 5, 228, 390, 392, 411
Landscape, 255–56
and imagination, xxviii, 13–14, 257, 271–72, 294, 391, 414
and language, 277–78
and story, 272–73
spiritual, 273–74, 295
Landscape painting, See Painting
Land-use and occupancy studies, 264–65
Language
aboriginal, 274–75
Hopi, studies by Whorf, 274, 277–78
Eskimo
characteristics of, 274, 276–77
Inuktitut, studies of by Carpenter, 275–76
loss of, 277
“memory culture,” 263
L’Anse aux Meadows, 318–19
Larsen, Thor, 102–3, 104
Legends, 308
of narwhal tusks, 142–43
of polar bears, 94–95, 113–14
of unicorn and narwhal, 140–41
Lemmings, 35–37, 49, 160, 175, 240
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 275
Light, 23, 248–49
Light in Arctic, 224–51
contrast in, 240–41
fluctuation of, 419
ice, water, and light, 226
light-fall, 29–30
mirages and images, 23–24, 236–39
northern lights (aurora borealis), 232–36
and painting, 225–27
qualities of, xx, 226, 227
refraction, reflection on ice of, 231
and skies, 229
Little Ice Age, 186, 382
Ljungblad, Don, 125–26
Longspur, Lapland, 72, 414
Lok, Michael, 325–27
Loons, 224
Lore of the Unicorn (Shepard), 141–42
Luminist tradition, 227
Mackenzie, Alexander, 342
Mackenzie King Island, 15
Mamen, Cape, 15
Make Prayers to the Raven (Nelson), 265
Mandeville, Sir John, Travels, 320
Maps, arctic
early maps, 281–82, 333
Eskimo, 286–89, 288
increased information for, 342, 344
Mercator projection, distortion in, 280
necessity of for travel, 279–80
perspectives of, 280
Ptolemaic cartography, 319–20
of shorelines, waterways, 359
sky maps, 319
varieties of, 280–81
Zeno maps, 333
See also map section beginning on page 421 and maps on pages xxii, 19, 46, 82, 122, 156, 174, 191, 223, 231, 253, 288, 331, 341, 369 and 381
McGhee, Robert, 181, 184
M’Clintock, Francis, 363, 364, 365, 375
M’Clure, Captain Robert, 45–46, 261, 287, 375
receives Admiralty prize for Northwest passage, 364
Melville Island, 13, 299, 301, 375
Mental maps, 295
See also Land; Landscape; Route-finding
Mercy Bay, 47
Metabolism in arctic animals, 30–31
of muskox, 66–67, 69
of polar bears, 87–88
Meta Incognita, 405–6
Meteorites used by Eskimos, 8
Migration of animals, 152–78
birds
at Bering Sea, 162–63
at Tule Lake, California, 152–57, 156
“breathing of the land,” 162
caribou, 168–71
cycles
annual, 160
seasonal, 166, 382–83
“familiar area,” 158
fish, 164
“home range,” 159
large scale, 158
numbers, 120–21, 164
rhythms of life, 171
seals, 166
seasonal cycles, 166
timing, 159–60
whales, 164–65
Y-K Delta, 163–64
Migration of humans
America, 178–203
archaeological findings, 179
Arctic Small Tool tradition, 180–81
Bering land bridge, 178–79
Dorset period, 182–83
Pre-Dorset period, 181
Thule cultural period, 180
waves of immigration, 179–80
Mining in Arctic, 397
Mirages and images in Arctic, 236–41
effect on travelers, 238–39
fata morgana, 237–39
inverted images, 237
Novaya Zemlya images, 24
resemblances, 240–41
superior images, 236
Mooneshine (ship), 327–33
Movements of life in Arctic, 160
Muir, John, 79
Muskox (Ovibos moschatus), 42–75
in Alaska, 56, 74
and birds, 72
in Canada, 56
capture of, 74
description of, 54, 57–60
defensive formation, 61
eyes, 59
gait, 59–60
in Greenland, 56
habitat, 70–71
hair, 57–58
herd structure, 62–63
hunting and butchering of, 48
mating and reproduction of, 63–65
metabolism, 66–67
Oomingmag (Eskimo), muskox, 57
origins of, 55
population, 49
route-finding by, 66
skeletal debris of, 45
Nanaskivik Mine, 397
Nansen, Fridtjof, 311, 370–73
theory of polar drift, 371
In Northern Mists, 371
Nares Strait, 212
niches, 25, 38
Narwhal (Monodon monoceros), 119–51
in Bering Strait, 126–27
capture of, 143
classification of, 133
color, 131
as “corpse whale,” 129
description of, 130–31, 135–36
feeding behavior, 134–35
future of, 148–49
habitat of, 132
and ice, 132–33
and ki-lin, 150–51
killing of by Eskimos, 133n
mating and reproduction of, 133
movements of, 134–35
name of, 128–29
and oil exploration, 128, 148
origins of, 136
physiology, 136–37
as prey, 84, 132
in savssats, 132–33
senses, 138–39
skin, uses of, 148
tusks, 129, 142–48, 327
and unicorn, 142
“whale lice” on, 134
Nature and Culture (Novak), 245
Nelson, Richard, 94, 192, 270, 275–76
Make Prayers to the Raven, 265
Nettleship, David, 121n, 155–56
Newfoundland, early discoveries, 320–24
Nome, 164, 167
Northeast Passage, 324–25
Northern lights (aurora borealis), 232–36
causes, 233–35
Eskimo descriptions of, 232
scale, 233
Northernmost point of land, 282–83
North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle, 349, 355, 406
See also Parry, William
North Pole, 16–19
Chandler Circle, 18
Geographic, 16, 18
Geomagnetic, 18
Magnetic, 18, 19
Pole of Inaccessibility, 19–20
quest for, 335, 342n, 365–66, 368
Peary’s, 370, 371, 377, 384–85
North Star (Polaris), 16
North Water, 3, 214
Northwest Passage, 205, 308–54, 341
Admiralty prize for discovery of, 341–42
awarded M’Clure, 364
Norwegians,
early arctic explorations, 317
Greenland settlement, 317
Newfoundland settlement, 318
Novak, Barbara, Nature and Culture, 245
Novaya Zemlya, 323, 324, 335
Novaya Zemlya images, 24
Oases in Arctic (summer), 34
Oceanographer (ship), 77
Oil and gas in Arctic
drilling for oil, 417
effect of drilling in Alaska, 121, 128, 393–97
search for, 290
Oodaaq, 21, 283
Oomingmaq (Eskimo), 57
Open polar seas, search for, 365–67
Open water in Arctic, 213, 22, 223
Orcas, 167
Øritsland, Nils, 87–88, 116n
Oscillations of life in Arctic, 175–76
Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program, 77n, 262
Owl, snowy, xx, 35, 44–45, 242, 272
Painting,
in the Arctic, 225–26
Icebergs, The, 245–47
luminist tradition, 227
Parry, William, 10, 230, 346–54, 366
at North Magnetic Pole, 348
Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 355
Parry Channel, 184
Passage to Cathay, See Northwest Passage
Patience, 102, 176, 261
Peary, Robert, 283, 310, 370–73
at North Pole, 384–85
comparison to Stefansson, 386, 389
journals, 385–86
perils of journeys, 377
Peary Land, 70, 180, 184
Permafrost, 28–29, 210
Peter the Great, 324, 339
Pike, Warburton, 373–74
Pingok Island, 252–74, 253, 302
aboriginal history, 262–64
animal life on, 254, 266–67
birds on, 259
derivation of name, 262–63
early history, 261–62
Eskimo oral history, 263–64
excavation of early homes, 263
landscape of, 255
location of, 253
Place, sense of, from Tuan, 278–79
Plankton in Arctic Ocean, 77, 220
Pleistocene, 51, 85, 178
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus), 76–118
activities of, 79
blubber and insulation, 84, 87–89
color, 84, 85n
cubs, 91–92
denning behavior, 81–82, 89–92
description of, 78–79, 86
diet, 86
cf. Eskimos, 89, 108
fear of orcas, walrus by, 109
feeding and social behavior, 104
fur, 84–85
gait, 83
habitat, 18n
heat retention in, 84, 87–90
hunting behavior of, 84, 94–95, 99–100, 102, 108
as left-pawed, 94
legends of, 113–14
mating and reproduction of, 90–92, 105
metabolism of, 87
nose, 94–95, 98–99
population, 115
predation on humans by, 109, 110–11, 114–15
radio collaring of, 117–18
route finding by, 98
size, 82–83
sleeping behavior, 88–89
tracks of, 97–98
as traveler (pisugtooq), 82, 92–93
and zoos, 85n, 112
Polar Bear Specialist Group of the IUCN, 81
Polar drift, discovery by Nansen, 371–73
Polaris Mine, 397
Pollution control, 417
Polynynas, 213, 214, 222, 368
See also Open water
Pond’s Bay, Pond Inlet, 1, 11, 49
“Pool of Corpses,” 129
Pre-Dorset culture, 181–82
Prey/Predator studies, 99–100
Prince Patrick Island, 365
Prudhoe Bay, 253, 393
Qillarsuaq, 381–82
Quantum physics, 250
Radar stations, xxvii
Rapoport, Amos, 296
Rasmussen, Knud, 201, 380–81, 384
Rensselaer Harbor, 366
Resolute, 224
Resolute, HMS, 46, 300, 364
Resourcefulness in Arctic, 94–96, 193, 194, 334–367
Rhythms of life in Arctic, 171–76
climatic change, 173–74
indigenous rhythm, 176–77
oscillations, 175–76
sea-ice formation cycle, 174
Robin, 160n
Robus, Martha, 70, 72
Roosevelt (ship), 384
Ross, James, 18
Ross, Sir John, 10, 346
Ross, W. Gillies, 10
Route-finding, 66, 98, 100, 290–92
See also Migration
Russia, 20, 80, 155, 220, 324, 335, 339–40, 371n, 412–13
Sabine Cape, xxi, 370, 382
Sadlerochit River, 68, 70–71
Saint Lawrence Island, 165, 407–15
Salmon, 164
Samis (Lapps), 20n, 186
Sanderson’s Hope, 330
Savssats, 104, 132–33
Schledermann, Peter, 187
Schweinsburg, Ray, 93, 96, 108
Schweitzer, Albert, 411
Scoresby, William, 112, 145–46, 214, 345
Account of the Arctic Regions, 10, 239–40, 343
Scott, Robert, 310–11
Scurvy, 334
Seals, 13, 122
and ice, 124
hunting of, 76–78
as prey, 84, 100–101
The Seaman’s Secrets (Davis), 332, 334
Seasons, 27
Senses used by Eskimos, 260, 291
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 56, 373–74
Sevoukuk Mountain, 407, 412
Shamans, 107, 201, 241
shaman light (quamaneq), 243, 297
Shepard, Odell, Lore of the Unicorn, 141–42
Shipwrecks in Arctic, 214–19, 262, 359–61, 371n
See also Explorers in Arctic
Silverman, Helen, 135
Skies in Arctic, 229–30
sky maps, 291–92
Sled, Eskimo, 193
Smith, Tom, 99
Snowblindness, 360
Snow, 68, 221
Soil, 25–27
Solar arcs and halos, 231
Solar mirages, 23–24
Soodoc (ship), 204, 244–45
Sounds in ocean depth, 138–39
Southampton Island, 188, 189, 289
Space, concept of, from Tuan, 278–79
Spiritual landscape, 273–74, 295
Stars, in Arctic, 16, 22
Starvation Cove, 380
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 48, 56, 238–39, 262, 386–89
lack of leadership, 387
life after return from Arctic, 387–89
cf. Peary, 386, 389
social Darwinist, 387
Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 339
Stirling, Ian, 99, 102
Story,
importance of, 270–71
interpreter of region, 272–73
local landscapes revealed, 296
“place fixing” by, 297–98
Sun in Arctic,
arcs and halos, 230, 231
energy from, 29–30, 33, 234–35
position of, 20, 419
in summer, 21–22
in winter, 22, 23
sun dogs, 230
Sunneshine and Mooneshine (ships), 327–33
Survival preparations, 302–3
Svalbard, 80, 81, 110, 281
Svavarsson, Gardar, 317
Sverdrup, Otto, 56, 372, 389
Swinton, George, 182
Taimyr Peninsula, 55
Takin, 56
Teal, John, 56
Temperate-zone attitudes, 11–12, 20, 220
Terror, HMS, 361–63, 379
Thank God Harbor, 368n
Thesiger, Wilfred, 39
Thomassen, Jørn, 90, 91–92
Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth, 147
Thomsen River, 42–44, 48
Thorne, Robert, 322
Thule (Uummannaq), 188, 286, 384
Thule culture, xxv, 180, 184–85, 285
Tides, 252
Time in Arctic, 171–73
Tolerance, 313–14
Tôrnârssuk (Eskimo), “the one who gives power,” polar bear, 113–14
Trade between Eskimos and whalers, 6–7, 73, 194
Trade routes in Arctic, 47
Trade, 6–7, 73
Trans-Alaska pipeline, 393–97
Travels (Mandeville), 320
Trees of Arctic, 28, 29
tree line, 27–28, 184
in tundra, 29
Tropical ecosystems, 31
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 278–79
Tule Lake, 152–58
Tundra
biological detail in, xxiv–xxv, 259–60
birds on, xix–xx
of Pingok island, 254
soil of, 26
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 256
Tusks of narwhals, 129, 142–48
description of, 143–44
male display of, 146
purpose, 145
trading of, 142
use of by Eskimos, 147–48
Twilight in Arctic, 22–23
Twin Otter, 299, 405
Uexküll, Jakob von, 268n
Umiak, 184, 185
Umwelt (German), self-world, 268–69, 313
Unicorn, 140–43
United Nations, 121
Uspenskii, Savva, 80
Utukok River, 197
Valerianos, Apostolos (Juan de Fuca), 340
Vancouver, George, 342
Verrazano, Giovanni da, 321
Vibe, Christian, 132–33, 173–75, 286
Victoria Island, 47, 48
Walrus, 164, 165, 347
carnivorous (angeyeghaq), 124
danger from, 124–45
hunting of, 407–15
ivory use, 193
Water bear, 172
Watson, J. Wreford, 294
Wealth, 10, 13–14, 311–13, 337
West Water, 2, 3, 10, 214
Weyprecht, Karl, 369
Whalebone Alley, 412–13
Whale-fisher’s bight, 337, 367
“Whale lice,” 134
Whales, 166. See also individual whale names; Whaling
Whaling, whalers, 1–10, 218, 262, 338, 343–44
blubber, value of, 3
crews and ice, 218
Cumbrian (ship), 1–10
daily life, 9–10
trade with Eskimos, 6–7, 73, 194–95
Wheatear, 167–68
White-out, 239, 291
Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 274–75, 277–78
Willoughby, Hugh, 323
Willows, 28, 29, 71
Winter Harbor, 349–52, 364, 375
Winter in Arctic, 221, 241–44, 349–54
by Parry expedition, 349–54
darkness, 242
depression, 243
effect on life, 241–44
fears magnified, 243
preparations for, by animals, 34–35
