Arctic Dreams, page 49
REMMERT, HERMANN. Arctic Animal Ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1980.
SCORESBY, WILLIAM. An Account of the Arctic Regions, with a History and Description of the Northern Whale-Fishery. Vol. I. London: Archibald Constable, 1820.
STEFANSSON, VILHJALMUR. The Friendly Arctic. New York: Macmillan, 1921.
———. My Life with the Eskimo. New York: Macmillan, 1923.
VIBE, CHRISTIAN. Arctic Animals in Relation to Climatic Fluctuation. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzels Forlag, 1967.
WEEMS, JOHN EDWARD. Peary: The Explorer and the Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967.
ZASLOW, MORRIS, editor. A Century of Canada’s Arctic Islands: 1880–1980. Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada, 1981.
Reference
Ecological Sites in Northern Canada. David N. Nettleship and Pauline A. Smith, editors. Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the International Biological Programme, 1975.
The Exploration of Northern Canada. Alan Cooke and Clive Holland, editors. Toronto: The Arctic History Press, 1978.
Illustrated Glossary of Snow and Ice. Terence Armstrong et al., editors. Cambridge, England: Scott Polar Research Institute, 1973.
Pilot of Arctic Canada. Ottawa: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, 1970.
Index
A | B | C | D | E
F | G | H | I | J
K | L | M | N | O
P | Q | R | S | T
U | V | W | Y | Z
Able Creek, 43
Account of the Arctic Regions (Scoresby), 10, 239–40, 343
Adaptations to the land, failure of explorers’, 360
Admiralty Inlet, 119, 123
Agape, 250
Akimiski Island, 93
Alaska, xix, 252
polar bears in, 78–80
seal hunting in, 76–78
See also individual place names
Alernerk, 107
Algae, 8n, 123–24
Allen, John L., 294, 357
Anadyr, Gulf of, 155
Anaktuvuk Pass, 194–96
Anian, Strait of, 323, 325, 340, 412
Animals of Arctic, 30–31, 34–38
adaptations of, 30, 67, 75
encounters with, 4, 13, 36–37, 72, 78–79, 111–12, 118, 126–27
extinction of, 49–52
migrations of, 152–78
muskox, 42–75
narwhals, 119–51
pagophylic, 124
polar bears, 76–118
prehistoric, 51
route-finding by, 66, 98, 100, 268
sacred relationships with, 199–203
Umwelt (German) self-world, 268–69, 313
unknowability of, 177, 269
See also individual animal names; Capture of animals
Archeology, arctic pre-history, 50–52, 176n, 180–82, 187, 412–13
Arctic Circle, 18n, 21
Arctic region
boundaries, 18–19, 282
changes in, xxvi, 290
compasses in, 292
cf. desert, xxiii, 30, 43, 96, 255, 258
discoveries in, 282
See also Explorers in Arctic
historical ideas of, 16–17, 314–16
perceptions of, 295
See also Land; Landscape
problems in, 417–18
Arctic Ocean
fish adaptations to, 220n
life in, 220
map, description of, 281
regions of, 219–20
silence of, 138
Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt), 180–81
campsites, 180, 187
Arktikós, 16
Aurora borealis, See Northern lights
Axel Heiberg Island, 403–4
Back, George, 361
Baffin, William, 335–37
Baffin Bay, 2, 217
Baffin Island, 119, 149, 156, 318, 330, 401
Bailey Point, 69
Baker Creek, 43–44, 74–75
Banks Island, 42–75, 152, 299
Barents, Willem, 23–24, 110, 324
Barrow, Sir John, 343, 345
version of Parry expedition, 356
Barrow, Point, 77
Barrow Strait, 96
Bear, grizzly (brown), xix, 85–86
Bear, polar, see Polar bear
Beaufort Sea, 252, 255, 387
Beechey Island, 362, 364n, 375
Belukha whales, 133
See also Whales; Whaling
Bering, Vitus, 339
Bering Sea and Strait, 125–26, 162–63, 165, 285, 339
Biological diversity in Arctic, xxiv–xxv, 24–25
Birds of Arctic, 120–21
breeding colonies, 157
migration routes of, 155, 156
migrations of, 151–78
and muskox, 72
pagophylic, 124
See also individual bird names
Blessed Isles, See Insulae Fortunatae
Blubber
of narwhals, 133
of polar bears, 84, 87–88
of whales, 3
Boas, Franz, 275, 287
The Central Eskimo, 265
Bogen Valley, 81, 91–92
Bowhead whales, 2–4, 10, 166–67, 184
named Greenland right, 4
See also Whaling
Brendan, Saint, 316
arctic voyage, 316
Brody, Hugh, 275–76
Brönlund, Jörgen, 375–76
Brooks Range, xix, 28, 194
Brown, Robert, 82
Bureau of Land Management/Outer Continental Shelf study, 77n
Bylot, Robert, 335–37
journals and charts, 336
Cabot, John, 320–21
Cabot, Sebastian, 323
Cairns, 290, 352, 375, 379
California
Tule Lake migrations, 152–58, 156
Campbell, Joseph, 275
Canada, See individual place names
Capture of arctic animals
muskox, 74
narwhal, 143
polar bear, 112
Caribou, 170–71, 254, 260
Eskimo use of, 192–93
mating and reproduction of, 169
migration of, 168–71
Carpenter, Edmund, 197, 275–77, 289
Eskimo Realities, 194
Cartier, Jacques, 321–22
Cathay Company, 325–27
Cathedrals, 248–49
The Central Eskimo (Boas), 265
Change in Arctic, xxv–xxvii, 290, 417–18
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley, 310–11
Chukchi Sea, 76–78, 85, 126, 285, 365
Church, Frederic Edwin, 245–47
Icebergs, The (painting), 246
Churchill, 114–16
Churchill, Cape, 104, 115
Climate changes in Arctic, 173–75
Clothing of Eskimos, 190–93
Collinson, Richard, 377–79
Comock, 197–98
Concentrations of life in Arctic, 34, 157
Conceptions of Arctic
historical, 16–17, 314–16
modern, 11–12
See also Explorers in Arctic; Landscape
Conger, Fort, 368–70
Cook, Frederick, 310
Cook, James, 341
Copper Eskimos, 46–48
Copper Eskimo site (Kuptana, PjRa-18), 45, 52, 74–75
“Country of the mind,” 295
Crane, sandhill, 44–45, 164
Crimson cliffs, 7–8
Crozier, Captain Francis, 379–380
Cumbrian (whaling ship), 1–10
Darkness, 183, 241–44
Davis, John, 327–33, 358
accomplishments, 332–33
meeting with Eskimos, 328
The Seaman’s Secrets, 332, 334
Davis Strait, 4, 205, 346
De Long, George, 171, 371n
Desire, xxi, xxvii, xxviii, 13, 255, 257, 309, 311
de Veer, Gerrit, 324
DEW Line station, xxvii, 253, 262
Dezhnev, Cape (East Cape), 99, 339, 371n, 413
Dignity, 151, 400, 402, 405–6
Discovery (ship), 335–36
Disassociation state in storm, 306–7
Discoveries of arctic lands, 282
See also Explorers in Arctic
Diseases of Eskimos from Europeans, 7, 10
Dogs, xxvii, 48, 198, 286, 309, 377, 384, 406
Dorset culture, xxv, 182–83
art and culture, 107, 244
carvings, 182–83
“flying” bear, 107
See also Pre-Dorset culture
Dovekie, 121, 133n
Dreams, xxi, xxviii, 14, 405, 414
Duby, Georges, 248–49
Dunbar, Max, 219
East Cape. See Dezhnev, Cape
Ecosystems of Arctic, 25–26, 31, 33
“stressed” and “accident prone,” 32–33
Edmund Walker Island, 18
Electronic tracking of bears, 87
Elizabeth I, 325, 405–6
Ellen (ship), 330, 332
Ellesmere Island, xxi, xxii, 209, 281, 299, 368–70
Enterprise, HMS, 378
Erebus, HMS, 361–63, 379
Erichsen, Mylius, 375–76
Eric the Red, 317–18
Eriks Fiord, 317–18
Eskimo Realities (Carpenter), 194
Eskimos
arrival in North America, 178–203
See also Arctic Small Tool tradition; Pre-Dorset; Dorset; Thule
Baffin Island contacts, 382
caribou, use of, 192–93
carvings, 107, 181, 182–83
clothing, 190–93, 265
Comock, 197–98
contemporary change among, xxvi–xxvii, 195, 402
Copper Eskimos, 46–48
Davis meeting with, 328–29
derivation of word, 418
dietary changes of, xxvi
diseases from Europeans, 7, 10
and dogs, xvii, 48, 198
and Europeans, 6–7
diseases from, 7, 10
encounters with, 328–29, 330, 346, 379–80
escorts to, 384
exploration of Arctic, 382
historic period, 188–203
and hunting, 199, 260, 268–69
implements, 189–94
industrial development, effects of, xxvi–xxvii, 402
and land, 257, 360
See also Land; Landscape
language, 274–77
See also Land; Landscape
legends of polar bears, 113–14
See also Legends
maps by, 288, 289
mechanical ability of, 194
“memory culture,” 273
and meteorites, 8
narwhals, killing of, 133
Nunamiut, 194–96
writings about, 419
oral tradition, 368n
Pingok Island, 263–64
obligations of, 189n, 199, 200
philosophy of,
acceptance of existing reality, 411
depression (perlerorneq), 243
cf. Europeans, 411
fear, 7, 201
knowledge of darkness in humans, 242–43
and winter, 242–44
See also Wisdom; Patience
physical characteristics of, 418
Polar Eskimos, 92, 188, 243, 346, 382
and polar bears, 89, 108, 113–14
pre-historic period, 178–88
route-finding by, 290–92
sacred relationships with animals, 199–203
Sadlermiut, 188–89
Shaman light (quamaneq), 243, 297
sleds, 193
stories, importance of, 270–73, 296, 297–98,
See also Legends
trade with whalers, 6–7, 73, 194–95
tribes, 191
walrus ivory, use of, 193
Explorers in Arctic, 308–54
Austrian, 368
American, 366–71
Chinese, 339
comparison to astronauts, 308
contributions to arctic knowledge, 354
cooperation between countries, 368
courage and determination of, 308
Danish, 375–76
Dutch, 324
encounters with Eskimos, 328–29, 330, 346, 379–80
English, 320, 330
excitement of first trip, 392–93
French, 321–23
Greeks, 314, 340
Irish, 315–16
motivations for, 309–12
motives and results examined, 358
mission and purpose of, 359
Norse, 317–18
Portuguese, 322
Russian, 323, 339
struggles against elements, 359–60
See also individual explorers’ names
Extinction of animals, 49–52
Pleistocene extinction, 51
Failures of British expeditions, 360–65
Fairbanks, 54, 80, 241–42
Fata morgana, 238–39
Fear in Eskimo experience, 7, 201
Field biology, limitations of, 62n, 94, 269
Finley, Kerry, 149
Flaherty, Robert, 197–98
Fox, arctic, 49, 266–67
Fox Island, 390
Fram (ship), 372–73
Franklin, Sir John, 261, 342, 373–74
fatal voyage, 359, 361–62, 379–80
search for, 363–65, 377–78
Franz Josef Land, 368
Frobisher, Martin, 326–27, 368
Fuca, Juan de. See Valerianos, Apostolos
Fur trapping, 337, 338
Future of Arctic, xxviii
Gabriel (ship), 326
Gambell, 407
Geese, snow, 32, 33, 152–56, 313
migrations, Alaska to California, 152–54, 156
Geist, Otto, 193
Geography of Arctic,
continuity of, 281
imprecision of, 282–83
distortion of on Mercator projection, 280
early maps, 281–82
Geography of the mind, 294
Giddings, Louis, 179–80
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 325
Glaciers, xxii, 208–9
God, as light, 248
Godthåb, 328–29, 330
Gog and Magog, Gogmagog, 17–18
Gray, David, 63
Great Bear (Ursa Major), 16–17
Great Plain of the Koukdjuak, 156, 313
Greek conceptions of Arctic, 16–17
“Land of the Hyperboreans,” 315
Greely, Adolphus, xxi, 368–70
failure of expedition, 370
Greenland, 236, 281, 286, 327–30, 370
Danish exploration of, 375–76
earliest maps of, 309–10
early explorations, 317
first settlements, 317
Godthåb, 328–29, 330
icebergs, ice cap, 208–9
lost colonies, 240
Mercator projection maps, 280
polar bears, 93
Greenland right whales. See Bowhead whales
Griper, HMS, 347, 353
Gull, ivory, 149–50
Gunn, Anne, 60, 72
Haines, John, 170
Hansson, Rasmus, 91–92
Hare, arctic, 44–45
Harington, Richard, 55
Haycock, Maurice, 224–28
Hazen Strait, 15
Hearne, Samuel, 342, 373–74
Heat retention in animals,
Allen’s rule, 67
Bergmann’s rule, 67
muskox, 67–68
polar bears, 84, 87–90
Hecla, HMS, 347, 351, 353
Henrichsen, Poul, 54–55
Hibernation of animals, 24, 90
Hickey, Cliff, 75
Holocene, 38, 174n
Hudson, Henry, 335–38
Hudson’s Bay Company, 73, 337, 361, 365
Humboldt glacier, xxiii, 209
Hunting, 77–78
methods of Eskimos, 108–9, 260–61, 268–69
obligations of, 199, 200
understanding by Eskimos, 199–203
walrus, 407–15
Hyperborea, 17, 315
Ice, 165–66, 204–24
appearance of, 210
behavior of, 210
dangers to ships from, 214–19, 262, 304–5, 359, 371
edges, 79, 123, 132, 223, 282
effects of winds and currents on, 212
as habitat, 221–22
freezing point of, 210
ice islands, 209
ivu (Eskimo), leaping ice, 176
open water, 213–14
pack ice, 211, 214–16
structure of, 209
tectonic activity of, 213
varieties and patterns of, 212–13
See also Icebergs
Icebergs, 204–10, 216n, 244–51
cf. cathedrals, 204, 248–49
colors of, 207
composition of, 207–8
descriptions of, 206
cf. mountains, 245
size of, 207–8
tabular, 209
Brendan encounter with, 316
Davis encounter with, 329
Icebergs, The (painting), 245–47
Ice floes, dangers of, 120, 214–19, 304–5
Ice Haven, 324
Ice islands, 209
Iceland, 236
early explorations of, 316–17
sagas, 307–8, 318
Icy Cape, 341, 352, 362
Ilingnorak Ridge, xix–xx, 203
Ilira (Eskimo), fearful awe, 7, 201
Imagination and landscape, xxvii, 13, 272–73, 294
Industrial development in Arctic, xxvi, 397–99, 418
In Northern Mists (Nansen), 371
Insulae Fortunatae (Blessed Isles), 283, 315, 319
International Polar Year, first, 369
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 81, 87
Inuit Circumpolar Conference, 284n
Investigator, HMS, 45–47, 48, 261, 300, 375
Irish imramha, 307–8, 315–16
Israel, Edward, xxi, 370
Jahner, Elaine, 273–74
James Bay, 18n, 27, 81, 93, 335
Jeanette (ship), destruction of, 371
Jelinek, Arthur, 50–51
Jingfors, Kent, 68, 70
Jones Islands, 77, 253
Jonkel, Charles, 106
Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific (Parry), 355
Journals of arctic expeditions, 420
comparison of several, 358–59, 373–75
Kaffeklubben Island, 282
Kane, Elisha Kent, 366–68
Kane Basin, 368
Kappia (Eskimo), fear of violence, 7, 201
Karluk (ship), 262
Kayak, 185, 229, 382
Kent, Rockwell, 390–92
Ki-lin of China
compared to narwhal, 150–51
Killer whales. See Orcas
King William Island, 358, 365, 379
Kokogiag (Eskimo), many-legged bear, legends, 113–14
