Arctic Dreams, page 48
gray
Halichoerus grypus
harp
Phoca groenlandica
hooded
Cystophora cristata
ribbon
Histriophoca fasciata
ringed
Phoca hispida
spotted
Phoca largha
Sheep, Dall
Ovis dalli
Squirrel
arboreal flying
Glaucomys sabrinus
arctic ground
Spermophilus undulatus
Vole
Alaska
Microtus miurus
tundra
Microtus oeconomus
tundra redback
Clethrionomys rutilus
Walrus
Pacific
Odobenus rosmarus divergens
Atlantic
Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus
Weasel
least
Mustela nivalis
short-tailed
Mustela erminea
Whale
belukha**
Delphinapterus leucas
bowhead
Balaena mysticetus
gray
Eschrichtius robustus
Greenland right (see bowhead)
humpback
Megaptera novaeangliae
Minke
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
Pacific right
Balaena glacialis
Polar (see bowhead)
sei
Balaenoptera borealis
sperm
Physeter catodon
See also Narwhal and Orca
Wolf
Canis lupus
Wolverine
Gulo gulo
Birds
Auklet, crested
Aethia cristatella
Bluethroat
Luscinia svecica
Brant, black
Branta bernicla
Bunting, snow
Plectrophenax nivalis
Canvasback
Aythya valisineria
Cormorant
Pallas’
Phalacrocorax perspicillatus (extinct)
pelagic
Phalacrocorax pelagicus
Crane, sandhill
Grus canadensis
Curlew, Eskimo
Numenius borealis (nearly extinct)
Dovekie
Alle alle
Dowitcher, long-billed
Limnodromus scolopaceus
Duck
Labrador
Camptorhynchus labradorius (extinct)
ruddy
Oxyura jamaicensis
Dunlin
Calidris alpina
Eagle
bald
Haliaeëtus leucocephalus
golden
Aquila chrysaëtos
Eider
common
Somateria mollisima
king
Somateria spectabilis
spectacled
Somateria fischeri
Steller’s
Polysticta stelleri
Falcon, peregrine
Falco peregrinus
Fulmar, northern
Fulmarus glacialis
Gadwall
Anas strepera
Goldeneye, Barrow’s
Bucephala islandica
Goose
Canada
Branta canadensis
emperor
Chen canagica
lesser snow
Chen caerulescens caerulescens
Ross’s
Chen rossii
white-fronted
Anser albifrons
Guillemot
black
Cepphus grille
pigeon
Cepphus Columba
Gull
glaucous
Larus hyperboreus
ivory
Pagophila eburnean
Ross’s
Rhodostethia rosea
Thayer’s
Falco rusticolus
Hawk
marsh
Circus cyaneus
red-tailed
Buteo jamaicensis
rough-legged
Buteo lagopus
Jaeger
long-tailed
Stercorarius longicaudus
parasitic
Stercorarius parasiticus
Jay, Steller’s
Cyanocitta stelleri
Kittiwake
black-legged
Rissa tridactyla
red-legged
Rissa brevirostris
Lark, horned
Eremophila alpestris
Longspur, Lapland
Calcarius lapponicus
Loon
arctic
Gavia arctica
common
Gavia immer
red-throated
Gavia stellata
Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
Merganser
common
Mergus merganser
red-breasted
Mergus serrator
Murre, thick-billed
Uria lomvia
Oldsquaw
Clangula hyemalis
Owl
boreal
Aegolius funereus
short-eared
Asio flammeus
snowy
Nyctea scandiaca
Phalarope
northern
Phalaropus lobatus
red
Phalaropus fulicarius
Pintail, northern
Anas acuta
Plover, golden
Pluvialis dominica
Ptarmigan
rock
Lagopus mutus
willow
Lagopus lagopus
Puffin
Atlantic
Fratercula arctica
horned
Fratercula cirrhata
tufted
Fratercula cirrhata
Raven, common
Corvus corax
Redhead
Aythya Americana
Redpoll
common
Cardeulis flammea
hoary
Cardeulis hornemanni
Robin
Turdus migratorius
Scaup
greater
Aythya marila
Lesser
Aythya affinis
Shoveler, northern
Anas clypeata
Sparrow, Savannah
Passerculus sandwichensis
Storm-petrel, Leach’s
Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Swan, tundra
Cygnus columbianus
Teal, green-winged
Anas crecca
Tern, arctic
Sterna paradisaea
Turnstone, ruddy
Arenaria interpres
Wagtail, yellow
Motacilla flava
Warbler, arctic
Phylloscopus borealis
Wheater, northern
Oenanthe oenanthe
Whimbrel
Numenius phaeopus
Fish
Char, arctic
Salvelinus alpinus
Cod
arctic
Boreogadus saida
Atlantic
Gadus morhua
polar
Arctogadus glacialis
Halibut
Greenland
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides
Pacific
Hippoglossus stenolepis
Herring
Atlantic
Clupea harengus harengus
Pacific
Clupea harengus pallasi
Pollock
Pollachius virens
Redfish
Sebastes marinus
Salmon
chinook (king)
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
chum (dog)
Oncorhynchus keta
coho (silver)
Oncorhynchus kisutch
pink (humpback)
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
sockeye (red)
Oncorhynchus nerka
Shark, Greenland
Somniosus microcephalus
Sheefish
Stenodus leucichthys
Sole, yellowfin
Limanda aspera
Trout, lake
Salvelinus namaycush
Plants
Avens, mountain
Geum rossii
Bearberry
Arctostaphylos rubra
Birch, dwarf arctic
Betula nana
Blueberry
Vaccinium uliginosum
Bluegrass
Poa sp.
Campion
Lychnis sp.
bladder
Lychnis sp.
moss
Silene acaulis
Cinquefoil
Potentilla uniflora
Coltsfoot, sweet
Petasites sp.
Cottongrass
Trichacne sp.
Cowberry (see mountain cranberry)
Cranberry, mountain (cowberry)
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Crowberry
Empetrum nigrum
Fireweed, dwarf
Epilobium latifolia
Foxtail
Alepocurus sp.
Heather, arctic white
Cassiope tetragona
Grass, pendant
Arctophila fulva
Lousewort
Pedicularis sudetica
Lupine, blue-spike
Lupinus arctica
Milkvetch, alpine
Astragalus alpinus
Oxytrope
Oxytropis sp.
Poppy, arctic
Papaver sp.
Saxifrage
Saxifraga sp.
Sedge, water
Carex aquatilis
Sorrel, mountain
Rumex paucifolius
Sweetbroom, northern
Hedysarum mackenzii
Tamarack
Larix laricina
Tea, Labrador
Ledum groenlandicum
Willow
arctic
Salix arctica
barren-ground
Salix brachycarpa
blue
Salix subcoerulea
diamondleaf
Salix planifolia pulchra
feltleaf
Salix alaxensis
Richardson
Salix richardsonii
tea-leaf
Salix phylicifolia
veiny-leafed
Salix phlebophylla
Willow herb
Epilobeum sp.
Woodrush
Luzula sp.
* The terms “tundra grizzly” and “barren-ground grizzly” are used interchangeably to refer to a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) living in such habitat.
** American marine biologists have recently begun to use “belukha” to distinguish the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). In Russian “beluga” refers to the white sturgeon (Acipenser huso).
Appendix III
Human Culture and Civilization
NB Dates refer to Years Before Present and are approximate. Cultural sequences are from Europe and Asia only.
Bibliography
I HAVE TRIED TO INDICATE in the text and in notes throughout, the titles of various books, articles, and reports I found useful. The literature on the Arctic, of course, is vast and diverse. As political and industrial pressures to organize and allocate portions of the land have increased, the number of publications, especially of technical papers, has grown even larger.
The following bibliography is intended to provide the general reader with a broad understanding of the biology, ecology, archaeology, ethnography, and history of the Arctic. These books, I trust, will lead an interested reader to more specific works.
For readers with specific questions about sources for material in the text, I would be glad to answer queries directed through the publisher.
ANDRASKO, KENNETH. Alaska Crude: Visions of the Last Frontier. Photographs by Marcus Halevi. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977.
ARMSTRONG, TERENCE, et al., editors. The Circumpolar North: A Political and Economic Geography of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic. London: Methuen and Company Ltd., 1978.
BERGER, THOMAS R. Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland. Report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry. Ottawa: Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 1977.
BLISS, L.C., editor. Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada: A High Arctic Ecosystem. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press, 1977.
BOAS, FRANZ. The Central Eskimo. United States Bureau of American Ethnology, Sixth Annual Report, 1884–1885. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888.
BODFISH, HARTSON. Chasing the Bowhead. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936.
BRODY, HUGH. The People’s Land: Eskimos and Whites in the Eastern Arctic. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1975.
BRIGGS, JEAN. Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.
CARPENTER, EDMUND. Eskimo Realities. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973.
DACKS, GURSTON. A Choice of Futures: Politics in the Canadian North. Toronto: Methuen, 1981.
DAMAS, DAVID, editor. Arctic. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. V. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1984.
DUNBAR, MAX. Ecological Development in Polar Regions: A Study in Evolution. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968.
FREEMAN, MILTON. Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Project. Vol. I. Ottawa: Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, 1976.
———, editor. Proceedings: First International Symposium on Renewable Resources and the Economy of the North. Ottawa: Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies, 1981.
GIDDINGS, LOUIS. Ancient Men of the Arctic. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967.
HALL, EDWIN S., JR. The Eskimo Storyteller: Folktales from Noatak, Alaska. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1975.
HOPKINS, DAVID M., JOHN V. MATHEWS, JR., CHARLES E. SCHWEGER, and STEVEN B. YOUNG. Paleoecology of Beringia. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
IRVING, LAURENCE. Arctic Life of Birds and Mammals. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1972.
KENT, ROCKWELL. Salamina. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1935.
KERSTING, RUDOLF, editor. The White World. New York: Lewis, Scribner, 1902.
KIMBLE, GEORGE, and DOROTHY GOOD. Geography of the Northlands. Special Publication Number 32. New York: American Geographical Society, 1955.
LIVINGSTON, JOHN. Arctic Oil: The Destruction of the North? Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1981.
LUBBOCK, BASIL. The Arctic Whalers. Glasgow: Brown, Son and Ferguson, Ltd., 1937.
MALAURIE, JEAN. The Last Kings of Thule. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1982.
MCCLINTOCK, FRANCIS. The Voyage of the “Fox” in the Arctic Seas: A Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin and His Companions. London: John Murray, 1859.
MCGHEE, ROBERT. Canadian Arctic Prehistory. Toronto: Van Nostrand Reinhold Ltd., 1978.
MIRSKY, JEANNETTE. To the Arctic!: The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times to the Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
MORISON, SAMUEL ELIOT. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
MULLER, FRITZ. The Living Arctic. Toronto: Methuen, 1981.
NANSEN, FRIDTJOF. In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times. London: W. Heinemann, 1911.
NEATBY, L.H. In Quest of the Northwest Passage. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1958.
NELSON, RICHARD. Hunters of the Northern Ice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
PARRY, WILLIAM EDWARD. Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of the North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific. London: John Murray, 1821.
RASMUSSEN, KNUD. The Intellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimo. Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition. Vol. VII. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel, 1929.
