Joseph E. Persico, page 65
“They’ll absorb you… .”: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 236.
“I asked whether he had… .”: Berle Papers, Box 214.
“I had some ideas on that subject… .”: ibid.
Donovan had left the country: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 236.
The shake-up included: ibid., p. 235.
“You are aware of course… .”: POF 4485.
But with it jettisoned: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 235.
The JCS thus agreed to absorb: Smith, The Shadow Warriors, p. 119. Brown, p. 237.
“[T]hese admirals and generals might… .”: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 238.
Roosevelt managed to reverse: Breuer, pp. 68–69; Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 267.
Its codebreakers had begun to crack: Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, Spy Book, p. 299; Christopher Andrew and David Dilks, eds., The Missing Dimension, p. 246.
This intelligence formed part: Polmar and Allen, Spy Book, p. 368.
Subsequent intercepts showed: Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, p. 125.
On the morning of June 4: Warren F. Kimball, Churchill & Roosevelt, p. 507.
“essentially a victory… .”: Andrew and Dilks, p. 147.
The Japanese were handed: Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief, p. 386.
But FDR was far too shrewd: ibid.
With all this public uproar: ibid.
As to the secret: H. Montgomery Hyde, Room 3603, p. 214.
“Japan and the islands… .”: Andrew, pp. 132–33.
On another occasion Carter: ibid., p. 133.
“There has been a suggestion… .”: PSF Box 98.
“… [W]e could convince the mass… .”: ibid.
“I do not feel… .”: ibid.
“Gerald Haxton… .”: ibid.
This information could then: ibid.
“I see no reason… .”: ibid.
FDR wanted simply to cut off: ibid.
Hanfstaengl was interned: Ernest B. Furgurson, “Back Channels,” Washingtonian, vol. 31 (June 1996); Brown, pp. 210–11.
But he did arrange for Carter: Carter Collection, Oral History, pp. 4–5, FDRL.
“Well why don’t you come …?”: ibid., p. 10.
“What do you think on earth …?”: ibid., p. 12.
“actually knows all these people… .”: ibid.
“You can tell… .”: ibid.
“confusing anybody’s mind… .”: Furgurson.
On June 24, FDR: PSF Box 98.
Putzi was to be treated: Brown, p. 211.
“warned me that Hanfstaengl …”: Furgurson.
“Of course, there’s where you… .”: Carter Oral History, p. 14.
“It was just Hanfstaengl… .”: ibid., p. 15.
chapter xv: “we are striking back”
“He said that he would not… .”: Adolf Berle Papers, Box 214, FDRL.
FDR laughed off the gibe: ibid.
Fortunately for the Western Allies: PSF Box 3.
“the Japanese may be preparing to conduct… .”: MR Box 8.
The Japanese would definitely attack: ibid.
“I have information which I believe… .”: MR Box 48.
“I believe that we must… .”: RG 457 #74682.
The assignment to burglarize: Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero, pp. 227–28.
The bureau already had three agents: ibid., pp. 229–30; William B. Breuer, Hoodwinking Hitler, p. 68.
“I don’t believe any single event… .”: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 229.
“The Abwehr gets better treatment… .”: Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 295.
Donovan had stepped over: ibid.
“No President dare touch… .”: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 229.
“Reliable source confirms… .”: Ladislas Farago, The Game of the Foxes, p. 330.
If true that Roosevelt’s consciousness: ibid., pp. 298–330.
While held in an Italian prison: Farago, p. 6.
What Hitler wanted from him now: W. A. Swanberg, “The Spies Who Came in from the Sea,” American Heritage, April 1970, p. 67.
Thus, in April 1942: ibid., p. 69.
They were provided with drawings: Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority, p. 325.
They were to carry high explosives: Swanberg, p. 67.
The teams split: ibid., pp. 67–68.
“This will cost… .”: Leon O. Prior, “Nazi Invasion of Florida,” Florida History Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 2 (October 1970), p. 132.
“Who are you?”: Swanberg, p. 66.
Instead, Dasch, a garrulous loudmouth: ibid.
In the meantime, the Dasch team: ibid., p. 69.
“obsessive, compulsive, neurotic …”: Biddle, p. 326.
A few years before, Burger: Swanberg, p. 68.
Dasch divulged everything: ibid., p. 87.
“at 1:30 a.m. an unarmed Coast Guard… .”: PSF Box 57.
“His eyes were bright… .”: Biddle, p. 327.
The President agreed, and the press: ibid.
“I had a bad week… .”: ibid.
Dasch had, in fact, revealed: Swanberg, p. 87.
“Not enough, Francis… .”: Biddle, pp. 327–28.
“The two Americans are guilty… .”: PSF Box 56.
“they had not committed any act… .”: Biddle, p. 328.
He told Biddle that he wanted: ibid., p. 330.
“[t]hese men had penetrated battlelines… .”: POF Box 5036.
“I want one thing… .”: Biddle, p. 330.
“Dutch jaw—and when… .”: W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, p. 389.
Biddle practically felt: Biddle, p. 330.
“[t]he major violation of the Law of War… .”: POF Box 5036.
Thus was born the Double Cross: Farago, p. 176; Breuer, p. 49.
Only one German spy is believed: Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, Spy Book, p. 190.
On July 2 the President: Prior, p. 137.
FDR wanted his own man: Biddle, p. 331.
On June 8 the prisoners: Swanberg, p. 89.
Enterprising vendors soon were doing: Biddle, p. 333.
The trial was held: Swanberg, p. 88.
A disgusted Hoover: Biddle, p. 333.
August 8 was set: Swanberg, p. 91.
He commenced his ceremonial role: Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 115.
By 1:04 p.m., the work was completed: Swanberg, p. 91.
Where, Mrs. Rosenman asked: Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, pp. 352–53.
“Suggest you close the casket… .”: ibid., p. 354.
The saboteurs were subsequently: Swanberg, p. 91.
“It’s high time that we wake up here… .”: POF Box 5036.
“We endorse the imposition… .”: ibid.
They announced the death: Hoover to Hopkins, Aug. 26, 1942, FDRL.
“Have you pretty well cleaned …?”: PSF Box 57.
Again, according to young Roosevelt: James Roosevelt, My Parents, p. 100.
In 1918, as Franklin returned: Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, pp. 19–20.
“a woman of lofty liberal principles… .”: Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year, p. xi.
By 1941, with her husband invalided: Goodwin, pp. 434–35.
His report made clear: PSF Box 57.
“We failed to see… .”: Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief, p. 9.
“TORCH was a project… .”: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 286.
“I feel very strongly… .”: ibid., p. 289.
“… [T]he assumption [is]… .”: ibid.
Under a secret arrangement: Sheridan Nichols, “The Light That Failed: Intelligence Gathering Activities in North Africa Prior to Operation Torch,” Maghreb Review 4 (July/December 1979), p. 135.
Donovan was to find out: ibid., p. 136.
The organization was to invent: Nathan Miller, Spying for America, p. 270.
“I’ve never met him… .”: Nichols, p. 135.
With the arrival of Colonel Eddy: ibid.
“All their thoughts are centered… .”: Francis Russell, The Secret War, p. 96.
“complacently neutral… .”: Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, p. 134.
Nearly 100,000 troops: Donald A. Walker, “OSS and Operation Torch,” Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 22 (1987), p. 673.
“That place is a sieve! …”: Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 287.
“Don’t worry about Cordell… .”: Andrew, p. 134.
Murphy left Roosevelt: ibid.
“You know I am not supposed… .”: Sherwood, p. 633.
According to anti-Nazi: Walker, p. 668.
The President had taken out: Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 290.
The President had it on good authority: ibid., p. 293.
The ship count for Torch: Martin Blumenson, Mark Clark, pp. 75–76.
Murphy communicated Mast’s wishes: ibid., p. 77.
Attending the meeting: ibid., pp. 77–79.
Clark was to try to enlist: ibid., p. 79.
“I am leaving in twenty minutes… .”: ibid., pp. 79–80.
He and the men boarding: ibid., pp. 79–81.
By 6 a.m. Clark’s party: ibid., p. 81.
Mast then asked for: ibid., p. 82.
Not until the middle: ibid., pp. 84–85.
There, Eisenhower decided: ibid., p. 87.
“The P. had an awful nightmare… .”: Suckley, Binder 16, p. 258.
“We have landed in North Africa… .”: Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 292.
As the forces landed: Miller, p. 271.
General Mast managed: Peter Young, ed., The World Almanac Book of World War II, pp. 181–82.
Colonel Eddy’s team had amassed: Nichols, p. 136.
The enemy was where: Walker, p. 669.
That enemies could penetrate: Gentry, p. 245.
Hitler had revealed his timetable: PSF Box 2; Orville H. Bullitt, ed., For the President, Personal and Secret: Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt, pp. 319–21.
He had even braved the disfavor: Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 525.
Roosevelt was already attacked: Lucy S. Dawidowicz, “Could the United States Have Rescued the European Jews from Hitler?” This World, Fall 1985, p. 21.
Bigots parodied his New Deal: Goodwin, p. 102.
In that period, before war broke out: Liva Baker, Felix Frankfurter, pp. 200–201.
Instead of going to Roosevelt: letter, Rosenman to Berle, Oct. 19, 1939, FDRL.
The transcript Bullitt had sent: Joseph E. Persico, Nuremberg, p. 282.
“The Jew party [was]… .”: Goodwin, p. 102.
“I now think he travelled… .”: James Roosevelt, My Parents, p. 219.
A 1938 Roper poll: Goodwin, p. 102.
The tight immigration laws: William J. vanden Heuvel, “America, FDR and the Holocaust,” Society, vol. 34, no. 6 (October 1997), p. 3.
Even unfilled quotas: Dawidowicz, pp. 16, 17.
A bill introduced in the House: Goodwin, p. 101.
The saga of the SS St. Louis: ibid., p. 102.
Many who landed: vanden Heuvel, p. 5; Washington Post, Aug. 2, 1998; Goodwin, p. 102.
“The whole trouble is in England”: John Morton Blum, Years of War, 1941–1945: From the Morgenthau Diaries, p. 208.
“some very wonderful… .”: ibid., p. 207.
“I actually would put a barbed wire… .”: ibid., p. 208.
All had turned out: Charles Roetter, The Art of Psychological Warfare: 1914–1945, p. 46.
“The post-war settlement… .”: M 1642, Reel 1, Frames 543, 544.
“From Midland… .”: M 1642, Reel 23, Frames 22, 23.
One account described: Ernest B. Furgurson, “Back Channels,” Washingtonian, vol. 31 (June 1996).
His agents interrogated: Irwin F. Gellman, Secret Affairs, p. 283.
“Yesterday’s cleansing action in Slonim… .”: David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 298.
“The number of Jews engaged… .”: Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley, and Manfred Jonas, eds., Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence, p. 308.
The largest number: Goodwin, p. 101.
One, the Portuguese: Joseph E. Persico, Piercing the Reich, p. 3.
Throughout the war: Robert H. Ferrell, The Dying President: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1944–1945, p. 150.
chapter xvi: an exchange: an invasion for a bomb
The President pointed out: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 235; Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year, pp. 47–48.
“vast and conspicuous factories”: Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief, p. 646.
“when the President said he… .”: ibid.
That matter settled: FRUS, 3d Washington Conference, p. 2.
Besides, the British considered: Larrabee, p. 645.
Two American physicists: FRUS, p. 4.
What the British had shared: H. D. Smythe, “The Smythe Report,” Library Chronicles, p. III6.
“[I]nterchange on design… .”: FRUS, p. 5.
Serving with the Army: American National Biography, vol. 5, pp. 284–315.
Conant expressed General Groves’s position: HH Box 132.
Upon learning that FDR approved: FRUS, p. 6.
“The War Department is asking… .”: ibid., p. 1.
“There is no question of breach… .”: ibid., p. 2.
“… entirely destroys… .”: ibid., p. 5.
The Americans had chucked: ibid., p. 3.
His government wanted to share: HH Box 132.
“impossible [and] dangerous”: Brian Loring Villa, “The Atomic Bomb and the Normandy Invasion,” Perspectives in American History 2 (1977–1978), p. 472.
At one point, he told: ibid., p. 499.
“never had any intention… .”: ibid., p. 481.
And a conciliatory FDR: ibid., p. 483.
“since our program is not suffering… .”: FRUS, First Quebec Conference, p. 631.
The secretary of war advised: Villa, p. 478.
“I think you made a firm commitment… .”: HH Box 132.
“Dear Van, while I am mindful… .”: FRUS, Quebec, p. 633.
“magnificent in reconciliation… .”: Villa, p. 493.
“to bring the Tube Alloys project… .”: FRUS, Quebec, Aug. 19, 1943; Villa, p. 495.
“It would be in the best interests… .”: HH Box 132.
Among them was a slight: Norman Moss, Klaus Fuchs, pp. 36, 45.
“[W]hat you are after is to see… .”: Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 314.
Still, plenty of brainpower remained: Pamela Spence Richards, “Wartime: The OSS and the Periodical Republication Program,” FDRL.
“would throw a man off his horse… .”: Thomas Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. 151.
“The attached clipping shows… .”: NYT, April 4, 1943; HH Box 132.
Heisenberg was a loyal German: Thomas Powers, p. 40.
“At every point during the argument… .”: ibid., pp. 132, 151.
“Professor Heisenberg had not given… .”: Rhodes, p. 405.
Of 1,006 bombs dropped: Thomas Powers, p. 212.
While Bill Donovan was raining: Robin W. Winks, Cloak and Gown, p. 176; Nathan Miller, Spying for America, p. 245.
Running the scientific smuggling: Richards, p. 262.
Within minutes, a mysterious: ibid., pp. 261–62.
FDR, whose early law practice: Los Angeles Times, Sept. 22, 2000
“practically became a member… .”: Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 303.
The young man was soon: ibid.
It was from this post: Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 420.
Thus investigators opened his mail: Athan Theoharis, ed., From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover, p. 59.
The general reviewed the CIC record: Gentry, p. 305; Theoharis, p. 63.
“indicated quite clearly that Mrs. Roosevelt… .”: Theoharis, p. 61.
“I’m so happy to have been with you… .”: Goodwin, p. 420.
“Subject and Mrs. Pratt appeared… .”: Gentry, p. 305.
Actually, they had played gin: ibid.
At the prompting of a furious FDR: Goodwin, p. 421.
Marshall ordered the CIC’s domestic spying: Theoharis, p. 60.
The CIC was supposed to hunt: ibid., p. 62.
Eleanor went to her husband: Gentry, p. 299.
“This type of investigation… .”: ibid.
“[O]h gosh, Hoover has apologized… .”: ibid., p. 300.
“anybody who knew anything about this… .”: Theoharis, p. 61.
He was to keep the scurrilous: ibid., p. 62.
“bosses want me to speak about”: John Franklin Carter Diary, Feb. 23, 1943.
“Doctors know more about… .”: ibid.
He began spouting: PSF Box 98.
Chin lifted, he began dictating: Carter Diary, Feb. 23, 1943.
He believed himself utterly unappreciated: PSF Box 98.
“When the Hitler regime begins… .”: ibid.
“The Army could really be turned… .”: ibid.
Among his deliveries was the daughter: M 1642, Reel 109, Frame 398.
“Probable Mode of Exit of Adolph Hitler …”: PSF Box 98.
“Hitler is familiar enough with ancient history… .”: ibid.
He startled his family: NYT, Dec. 31, 1974.
On one occasion, the burly envoy: William B. Breuer, Hoodwinking Hitler, p. 36.
At one dance hall, he listened impatiently: Ladislas Farago, The Game of the Foxes, p. 574.
State Department careerists were less amused: Breuer, p. 36.
The old capital of the Ottoman Empire: Farago, p. 570.
“[W]e had a General… .”: Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 323.
“I heard the words… .”: Anthony Cave Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p. 247.
“A gradual break-up in Germany… .”: Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Closing the Ring, pp. 573–74.
“If you were given two choices… .”: Brown, Bodyguard of Lies, p. 248.
“[S]uddenly the press conference was on… .”: Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 323.
A policy of uncompromising total surrender: John Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, pp. 332–33.
“Of course, it’s just the thing… .”: Richard A. Russell, Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, p. 29.
