The Physics of Energy, page 183
hot dry rock, 641
hotspot, 627
Hubble parameter, 413
human population, see population
huminite, 649
hurricane, 536 as a Carnot engine, 538
HVDC, see high-voltage direct current
HVO, see hydrotreated vegetable oil
hydraulic head, 592, 593
hydrocarbon, 208, 675ff carbon backbone of, 211
hydrocarbon molecules combustion of, 645
hydrocracking, 665
hydrofracturing, 641
hydrogen produced from natural gas, 673
hydrogen atom, 120, 132 orbitals, 132
hydrogen economy, 790ff
hydrogenation, 676
hydrolysis, 503
hydropower, 592 global potential, 594
hydrosphere, 681
hydrostatic equilibrium, 535, 685
hydrothermal power plant binary cycle, 640
double-flash, 639
dry-steam, 640
single-flash, 638
hydrothermal reservoir, 637
hydrothermal resource, 632
hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), 510
hyperbolic functions, 840
hyperfine splitting, 120
ice age, 710
ice core, 718
ice sheet, 733
icehouse, 722
ICF, see inertial confinement fusion
ideal fluid, 560, 596
ideal gas, 72, 560 monatomic, 72 thermodynamics of, 157
ideal gas law, 76, 185
IGCC, see integrated gasification combined cycle
igneous rock, 622
ignition, 365
imaginary part, 836
impedance, 804 effective, 804
implosion device, 399
impurity, 473, 479 interstitial, 479
substitutional, 479
incoherent waves, 68
indistinguishable particles, 155
indium, 490
indium gallium phosphide, 490
inductance, 50 mutual, 52
induction, 48ff, 49
inductive load, 809
inductor, 51
inefficiency, 755
inertial confinement fusion (ICF), 369
inertial frame, 14, 49, 517
inertial observer, 408
inertinite, 649
infiltration, 100
inflation, 413 cosmological, 418
eternal, 417
injection well, 635
inner product, 837
insolation, 424, 432 variation of, 434
instantaneous power, 776
insulation, 100
insulator, 33
integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), 257, 655
intensive agriculture, 501
inter-tropical convergence zone, 523
interconnect, 802
intercooler, 780
interference constructive, 64
destructive, 64
quantum, 116
interference pattern, 112
interglacial period, 716
internal combustion engine, 183, 196, 203ff
internal variability, 716, 728
International Atomic Energy Agency, 294
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), 365
invariant interval, 410
inversion, 687, 691
inverter, 826
ionization, 171
ionization energy, 135, 171
ionizing radiation, 171, 373ff
IPCC4 2007 climate report, 691
IPCC5 2013 climate report, 682, 691
iron seeding of ocean (geoengineering), 737
irradiance, 432
irreversibility, 753
isentropic index, 80
isentropic process, 189
islanding, 820
iso-octane, 208
iso-paraffins, 208
isobar, 301
isobaric heating, 191
isobaric process, 80
isometric heating, 190
isometric process, 78
isotherm, 188, 225
isothermal compression, 189
isothermal expansion, 188, 190 of air, 190
isotope, 301 stability, 317
isotropic response, 486
ITER, see International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
jet stream, 534
Joint European Torus (JET), 365
JONSWAP (Joint North Sea Wave Project), 603
joule (unit, J), 6
Joule heating, 36
Joule’s law, 36
Jurassic period, 649
K -capture, see electron capture
k-factor, see neutron multiplication factor
Kalina cycle, 640
Kelvin’s circulation theorem, 564, 572
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, 433
kerogen, 658 types I–IV, 658
kerosene, 665
kilocalorie (unit, kcal), 8
kilogram (unit, kg), 6
kilowatt-hour (unit, kWh), 6
kinetic energy density, 557
Kirchhoff’s law (thermal radiation), 99, 427, 484, 689
Kirchhoff’s laws (circuits), 820
knock, 210
Kronecker delta, 837
Kuroshio current, 526
Kutta condition, 573
Kutta–ZhukovskiȈi theorem, 568 proof of, 570
Lagrangian approach, 558, 596
Λ-particle, 278
Lambert–Beer law, 374, 380, 438, 515
land breeze, 538
Laplacian, 834
Laplacian operator, 57
lapse rate, 686 adiabatic, 686 dry, 686
moist, 687
feedback, 705
Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 269
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), 598
latent heat, see also enthalpy, of fusion/vaporization, 85
latent heat flux, 516
latitude, 435
latitude tilt, 452
lattice, 466, 476
lattice momentum, 470
Laurasia, 722
law of Dulong and Petit, 155
law of large numbers, 146, 824
law of specular reflection, 453, 455
Lawson criterion, 366
leading edge, 572
lean mixture, 210
Lennard–Jones potential, 180
Lenz’s law, 49
lepton, 270, 272ff
lepton number, 272
LET, see linear energy transfer
lethal dose, 385
LHC, see Large Hadron Collider
LHV, see lower heating value
lid, 622
Life Span Study (LSS), 386
lifetime, 280
lift, 567
light extreme ultraviolet, 373
from laser, 743
infrared, 62
near-ultraviolet, 372
quantization of, 425
ultraviolet, 62, 372
visible, 62
light reactions, 496
light tight oil (LTO), 664, 667
light-harvesting complex, 496
light-water reactor (LWR), 293, 357
lighting (electric), 29
lignin, 507
lignite, 648
lignocellulose, 507
limestone, see calcium carbonate
line capacitance, 816
line inductance, 816
line integral, 16, 834
line losses, 39ff
line width, 441
linear circuit element, 805
linear combination, 116
linear energy transfer (LET), 374
linear no-threshold (LNT) model, 388, 389
linear superposition, see superposition
linear transformation, 838
liptinite, 649
liquefaction, 676
liquefied natural gas (LNG), 671
liquid drop model, 304
liquid petroleum gas (LPG), 660
lithium in tritium production, 338
lithosphere, 622
Little Ice Age, 711
LNG, see liquefied natural gas
LNT, see linear no-threshold model
load (in circuit), 40
local physical laws, 30
logarithmic energy decrement, 334
logistic distribution, 668
logistic function, 668
lognormal distribution, 668
longevity, 776
longitude, 435
longwall shearer, 652
loop flow, 820
Lorentz force law, see force, Lorentz
Lorenz number, 92
lossless line, 816
low tide, 610
low-enriched uranium, 358
low-enthalpy geothermal resource, 632
low-pressure turbine, 252
lower heating value (LHV), 176
LPG, see liquid petroleum gas
LRC circuit (series), 804 phases and energy transfer in, 805
LSS, see Life Span Study
LTO, see light tight oil
LWR, see light-water reactor
maceral, 649
macroscopic system, 71
magma, 633
magnet, 44 permanent, 44
magnetic confinement fusion (MCF), 363, 366
magnetic dipole, 44, 47 energy in magnetic field, 47
magnetic monopole, see charge, magnetic
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 293
magnetism, 41ff
magnetohydrodynamic equations, 626
Magnox, 360
maize, 500
major actinide, 324
majority carrier, 480
managed storage (of SNF), 400
mantle, 621 upper, 622
mantle plume, 627
many-particle systems, 154
Mariana trench, 629
marine current energy, 616
Mars Curiosity rover, 186
mass attenuation coefficient, 402
mass defect, 302
mass excess, 302ff
mass stopping power, 374, 376
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 11, 549
matrix, 838 special orthogonal, 838
unitary, 838
matrix mechanics, 114, 126
maturity, 658
Maunder Minimum, 713
Maxwell’s equations, 31, 53, 61
MCF, see magnetic confinement fusion
McIntosh CAES plant, 781
mean camber line, 572
mean field, 306
mean flow, 541
mean free path, 375
measurement, see quantum measurement
mechanical equilibrium, 146
mechanics, 11ff fluid, see fluid mechanics
rotational, 22ff
Medieval Climatic Optimum, 711
melting, see phase transition, fusion
melting ice (in climate), 732
mercury, 656
meridional circulation (mean), 523
meridional direction, 523
meridional overturning circulation (MOC), 514, 527
mesh network, 819
meson, 273
mesophilic bacteria, 503
metagenesis, 659
metallurgy, 178
metamorphic rock, 622
meteoric water, 632
meter (unit, m), 6
methane as greenhouse gas, 699
heating value of, 177
methane hydrates/clathrates, 670
methanogen, 503
methanol, 509
methyl group, 208
metric, 411
metric system, 5
metric tensor, 409 in three dimensions, 409
of general relativity, 412
of special relativity, 410
MeV (unit), 8
micro-earthquake, 642
micro-PMU, 822
microalgae, 510
microhydro, 594
microstate, 137
Milankovitch theory, see orbital theory of climate change
mile (unit, mi), 11
miles per gallon (unit, mpg), 11
miles per hour (unit, mph), 12
mined geologic repository, 401
mini-OTEC, 528
minor actinide, 324
minority carrier, 480
Mistral wind, 539
MIT, see Massachusetts Institute of Technology
mitigation (of climate change), 736
mixed layer (oceanic), 515
mixed phase (of fluids), 229
mixing property, 143
mixing time, 144, 704
MOC, see meridional overturning circulation
mode analysis, 59ff
model spread, 728
moderator, 292, 334, 343
Moho, see Mohorovičić discontinuity
Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho), 622
molar mass, 71
mole (unit, mol), 71
molecule diatomic, 73, 168ff, 170, 175, 440, 501
polyatomic, 74, 170
triatomic, 74, 169
molten salt, 781
moment (of distribution), 546
moment magnitude, 629 scale, 629
moment of inertia, 23
momentum, 17 conservation of, 407
on a lattice, 469
monoculture, 502
monomer, 497
monopole, 418
monosaccharide, 497
monsoon, 535
Morse potential, 168
motor electric, 28, 45ff
induction, 811
MOX, 401
MRI, see magnetic resonance imaging
MTBE, 505
mud logging, 662
multiverse, 417
municipal solid waste, 502
muon, 271, 272, 373 in cosmic ray showers, 392
MWe, 236
MWth, 236
n-octane, 208
n-paraffins, 208, 665
n-type doping, 479
NADPH, 496
Nagasaki, 399
naphtha, 665
naphthenes, see cycloparaffins
National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC), 303
natural convection, see convection, free
natural gas, 669ff dry, 671
proven reserves, 673
sour, 671
thermogenic, 669
wet, 671
natural gas liquid, 671
natural line width, 441
natural reactor, 349
Navier–Stokes equations, 569
neap tide, 610
NEB, see net energy balance
negative feedback, 701
negative marginal cost, 756
negative temperature coefficient of reactivity, 353
Nernst equation, 787
net calorific value, see lower heating value
net energy balance (NEB), 505
net metering, 827
neutral lepton, 270, 272
neutrino, 265, 272, 276
neutrino oscillation, 272
neutron, 271, 274 and radiation, 374
delayed, 332, 351
fast, 292, 327, 344, 357
prompt, 332, 351
scattering of, 330
slow, 292, 327
thermal, 327
neutron flux, 344
neutron multiplication factor, 343, 344
newton (unit, N), 6
Newton’s constant, 17
Newton, Isaac, 11 law of cooling, 89, 97, 221
laws of motion, 11, 14
second law of motion, 13 in three dimensions, 15
rotational formulation, 24
nitrogen fixing, 501
in atmosphere, 687
in fertilizer, 501
nitrogen cycle, 501
nitrogen oxides, 217, 656
NMR, see nuclear magnetic resonance
no-load condition, 812
no-slip condition, 564
noble gas, 83 boiling points, 84
node (in wavefunction), 129
non-associated gas resources, 670
non-deterministic physical system, see quantum non-determinism
non-spinning reserves, 815
nonlinear climate effects, 735
norm (complex number), 836
norm (vector), 833
normal modes, 59
normal octane, see n-octane
normal paraffins, see n-paraffins
Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP), 79
North Pole, 434
Norway, 674
NOx , see nitrogen oxides
NTP, see Normal Temperature and Pressure, 784
nuclear binding, 172
nuclear binding energy, see binding energy
nuclear decay, 312ff α-emission, 313ff
β-decay and related processes, 316
particle emission, 313
nuclear fission, 8, 172, 291ff, 310, 325ff fast-neutron-induced, 327, 331
history, 293
instantaneous, 311
slow-neutron-induced, 327, 328
spontaneous, 327
nuclear fusion, 8, 118, 172, 294, 310, 335ff deuterium–tritium, 339, 363
in the Sun, 337, 423
potential fuels, 338
nuclear fusion reactor power balance in, 363
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 662
nuclear medicine, 395
nuclear proliferation, 293, 352, 398ff
nuclear reactor, see also light-water reactor, breeder reactor, etc., 342ff generation IV designs, see Generation IV nuclear reactor designs
generations I–IV, 357
homogeneous, 344, 347
time scales, 350
types of, 357
nuclear stability, 307ff limits, 311
nuclear waste, 293, 352, 395ff high-level, 396
nucleate boiling, 221
nucleon, 267
nuclide, 301
Nusselt number, 98
obliquity, 433 as climate driver, 718
ocean in GCM, 703
ocean carbon pumping, 720
ocean circulation, 525
ocean energy transport and climate, 725
ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), 527
oceanic heat budget, 516
octane number (ON), 211
ohm (unit, ), 36
Ohm’s law, 36 local formulation, 38
oil recovery (primary), 663
oil sands, see tar sands, 664
