The Quiet Before, page 36
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He had set the subscription fee Ibid., 13.
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“You own your own words” Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 145.
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“to welcome newcomers” Rheingold, Virtual Community, 26.
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“a group mind” Howard Rheingold, “A Slice of My Life in My Virtual Community,” in High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace, ed. Peter Ludlow (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996), 422; Rheingold, interview with author, Sept. 20, 2019.
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“The community just dug itself” Gans, interview with author, Oct. 3, 2019.
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Topic #103 from Backstage “Temperatures Are Rising,” Backstage, Topic #103, Feb. 22, 1988.
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“the theory going in” Hafner, Well, 85.
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Mark Ethan Smith Ibid., 34–40. In her book, Hafner used female pronouns for Smith, but in a blog post following the publication of The Well, Smith, writing before the days of gender-neutral pronouns, objected to being identified in this way: “Although my sex is female, something I have never denied, I stopped being a woman in 1981, several years before I discovered The Well, and I never became a man, nor do I wish to be known as a man, or, for that matter, as a woman” (www.angelfire.com/bc3/dissident/).
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“Mostly everyone tried to get” John Seabrook, Deeper: Adventures on the Net (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 153.
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By the late 1980s Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 152.
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She loved her forum Horn, interview with author, Oct. 4, 2019.
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“wasn’t going to bring peace” Stacy Horn, Cyberville: Clicks, Culture, and the Creation of an Online Town (New York: Warner Books, 1998), 247.
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“rear-view mirror thinking” Marshall McLuhan and Quentin Fiore, The Medium Is the Massage (New York: Bantam Books, 1967), 74.
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Tex pointed to a number of different ways John Coate, “A Village Called the WELL,” Whole Earth Review (Fall 1988): 84–87.
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“transactions, relationships, and thought itself” John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Davos, Switzerland, Feb. 8, 1996, www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence.
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“has been realized” Eric E. Schmidt, “Eric Schmidt on How to Build a Better Web,” The New York Times, Dec. 7, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/12/07/opinion/eric-schmidt-on-how-to-build-a-better-web.html.
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“like switching from a Schwinn” Rheingold, Virtual Community, 24.
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Its founder, Steve Case Howard Rheingold, “What the WELL’s Rise and Fall Tells Us About Online Community,” The Atlantic, July 6, 2012, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/what-the-wells-rise-and-fall-tell-us-about-online-community/259504/.
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“The odds are always good” Rheingold, Virtual Community, 6.
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Chapter 7: The Square—Cairo, 2011
“His lower lip” Wael Ghonim, Revolution 2.0: The Power of the People Is Greater Than the People in Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013), 54.
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“an invitation to pay attention” Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003), 104.
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Familiar with the site’s functionality Ghonim, Revolution 2.0, 43.
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“Today they killed Khaled” Ibid., 60.
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Ghonim never set out Biographical information from Ghonim, interview with author, April 10, 2016.
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“embodied who I was” Ghonim, Revolution 2.0, 25.
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“I find virtual life” Ibid., 24.
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In just the first day Ibid., 62.
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“a language closer to my heart” Ibid., 91.
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“My name is Khaled” Ibid., 69.
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Abdelrahman Ayyash Ayyash, interview with author, Nov. 18, 2019.
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“Would you marry a girl” Linda Herrera, Revolution in the Age of Social Media: The Egyptian Popular Insurrection and the Internet (New York: Verso, 2014), 15.
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It wouldn’t be too different Ghonim, Revolution 2.0, 67.
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“its own culture” Ibid., 84.
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“These people are not zombies” Wael Ghonim interview, “The Facebook Dilemma,” Frontline, May 16, 2018, transcript posted online: www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/wael-ghonim/.
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Ghonim’s anonymity was something Ghonim, Revolution 2.0, 102.
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“Down, down with Hosni Mubarak” Ibid., 104.
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“If Bouazizi had burned himself” Ibid., 133.
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“I Wish” Ibid., 150.
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He had made the mistake Ibid., 204.
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“I was just a loudspeaker” Wael Ghonim interview, Dream TV, Feb. 7, 2011, video cached as part of “Wael Ghonim Anointed Voice of the Revolution by Tahrir Square Faithful,” The Guardian, Feb. 8, 2011, www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/08/wael-ghonim-tahrir-square.
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A Facebook page Ghonim, Revolution 2.0, 301.
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“the Google guy” Mark Landler, “Obama Seeks Reset in Arab World,” The New York Times, May 12, 2011. Obama is quoted as saying, “What I want is for the kids on the street to win and for the Google guy to become president.”
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“Tahrir’s pulse” Ghonim, Revolution 2.0, 269.
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“favor declaration” Siva Vaidhyanathan, Antisocial Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 144.
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“Are we representing society” Mansour, interview with author, Nov. 20, 2019.
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“like teenage boyfriends with noble intentions” Thanassis Cambanis, Once upon a Revolution: An Egyptian Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 106; Cambanis, interview with author, Nov. 14, 2019.
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“the bloodthirsty hearts of the Bolsheviks” Cambanis, Once upon a Revolution, 5.
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Ghonim received a reported $2.5 million “Wael Ghonim’s New Book ‘Revolution 2.0’ Will Benefit Charity Work in Egypt,” MTV News, May 12, 2011, web.archive.org/web/20120103163040/http://act.mtv.com/posts/wael-ghonims-new-book-revolution-2-0-will-benefit-charity-work-in-egypt/.
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I was working on an article Gal Beckerman, “The New Arab Conversation,” Columbia Journalism Review, Jan./Feb. 2007.
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“Running for office meant you” Mahmoud Salem, “You Can’t Stop the Signal,” World Policy Journal (Fall 2014).
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Salem ran, he told me Salem, interview with author, Nov. 12, 2019.
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“Even though it is not standard” Cambanis, Once upon a Revolution, 200.
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a film program Ibid., 164.
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“What Tahrir ignited, Rabaa extinguished” David D. Kirkpatrick, Into the Hands of the Soldiers: Freedom and Chaos in Egypt and the Middle East (New York: Viking, 2018), 286.
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“I was wrong” Wael Ghonim, “Let’s Design Social Media That Drives Real Change,” TED Talk, Geneva, Switzerland, Dec. 2015, www.ted.com/talks/wael_ghonim_let_s_design_social_media_that_drives_real_change#t-12847.
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When he finally did From Ghonim, Frontline interview, May 16, 2018: “Actually, I remember it was funny at the time, because I asked to take a photo with him, and I don’t put online photos with people I meet. I find that—I don’t do that. Let me not judge others who do it; I just don’t do that. But I think Mark was not comfortable with the idea, and he said, ‘Oh, we’ll take the photo and mail it to you.’ And I said, ‘Sure.’ I knew they were never going to mail it to me, and he never did.”
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fell into a depression Wael Ghonim, “Egypt’s Revolution, My Life, and My Broken Soul,” Medium, March 20, 2018, ghonim.medium.com/egypts-revolution-my-life-and-my-broken-soul-91fae189d778.
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“Do you think I’m an attention whore” Signal voice message to author, Dec. 2, 2019.
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The conversation turned to Facebook “Alaa Abd El Fattah: There’s No Solution—We Need to Talk,” Mada, May 11, 2019, www.madamasr.com/en/2019/05/11/feature/politics/video-alaa-abd-el-fattahs-interview-with-mada-masr-part-1/.
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Chapter 8: The Torches—Charlottesville, 2017
“They are trying” Events of May 13, 2017, captured on Richard Spencer’s Periscope account in uploaded video: www.pscp.tv/RichardBSpencer/1mnGeEwMvdaGX?t=653.
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the statue of Robert E. Lee On July 9, 2021, both the Robert E. Lee statue and the monument to Stonewall Jackson were removed; Hawes Spencer and Michael Levenson, “Charlottesville Removes Statue at Center of 2017 White Nationalist Rally, The New York Times, July 11, 2021.
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It didn’t last very long Jonah Engel Bromwich, “White Nationalists Wield Torches at Confederate Statue Rally,” The New York Times, May 14, 2017.
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Spencer was being interviewed YouTube video of Spencer being punched: www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFh08JEKDYk.
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slammed his fist Shane Bauer, “A Punch in the Face Was Just the Start of the Alt-Right’s Attack on a Berkeley Protester,” Mother Jones, April 27, 2017, www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/04/berkeley-rally-alt-right-antifa-punch/.
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“We don’t want to be seen” John Sepulvado and Bert Johnson, “Californian Who Helped Lead Charlottesville Protests Used Berkeley as a Test Run,” KQED, Aug. 14, 2017, www.kqed.org/news/11611600/californian-who-helped-organize-charlottesville-protests-used-berkeley-as-a-test-run.
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“fun to engage in troll storms” “Unite the Right: Towards Alt-Right Activism,” Occidental Dissent, July 10, 2017.
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“Every generation has a fight” Dean Seal, “GOP’s Stewart Rallies Against Lee Statue Removal,” Daily Progress, Feb. 21, 2017.
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white supremacist servers The leaks obtained by Unicorn Riot are on their website and its searchable index of hundreds of Discord servers: unicornriot.ninja/2017/charlottesville-violence-planned-discord-servers-unicorn-riot-reports/.
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the site had about 45 million users Abram Brown, “Discord Was Once the Alt-Right’s Favorite Chat App. Now It’s Gone Mainstream and Scored a New $3.5 Billion Valuation,” Forbes, June 30, 2020.
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Keegan Hankes Hankes, interview with author, March 23, 2020.
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“Please stop the fighting” All Discord posts from the #general_01 channel of the Charlottesville 2.0 server, which can be found on the Unicorn Riot website: discordleaks.unicornriot.ninja/discord/channel/33.
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“The alt-light is defined” Greg Johnson, “White Nationalism, the Alt Right, and the Alt Light,” Counter-Currents, Jan. 4, 2017, counter-currents.com/2017/01/white-nationalism-the-alt-right-and-the-alt-light/.
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talked about the joys Chris Schiano, “LEAKED: The Planning Meeting That Led Up to Neo-Nazi Terrorism in Charlottesville,” Unicorn Riot, Aug. 16, 2017, unicornriot.ninja/2017/leaked-planning-meetings-led-neo-nazi-terrorism-charlottesville/.
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Proud Boys initiation ritual Anti-Defamation League entry for “Proud Boys,” includes a description of the initiation process: www.adl.org/proudboys.
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The antagonism between the alt-right “Feuding Rallies in DC Reveal Far-Right Group’s Different Priorities,” Anti-Defamation League, June 27, 2017, www.adl.org/blog/feuding-rallies-in-dc-reveal-far-right-groups-different-priorities.
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“I am not afraid” “New Alt-Right ‘Fight Club’ Ready for Street Violence,” Southern Poverty Law Center, Aug. 8, 2017, www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2017/new-alt-right-%E2%80%9Cfight-club%E2%80%9D-ready-street-violence.
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Enoch also infamously confessed Southern Poverty Law Center entry on Michael “Enoch” Peinovich, www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/michael-enoch-peinovich.
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“Everything has to be built” Condis, interview with author, Feb. 5, 2020.
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Erika was eventually revealed Glenna Gordon, “American Women of the Far Right,” The New York Review of Books, Dec. 13, 2018.
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“A Normie’s Guide” Andrew Anglin, “A Normie’s Guide to the Alt-Right,” The Daily Stormer, Aug. 31, 2016.
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That morning, the alt-right The account of the day’s events is from the independent report carried out by U.S. Attorney Timothy Heaphy, who delivered his 220-page findings in December 2017.
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“My recommendation: Disperse” Richard Spencer (@RichardBSpencer), Twitter, Aug. 12, 2017, 12:38 p.m., twitter.com/RichardBSpencer/status/896410449654185984.
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“I know that some of the groups” Feidt, interview with author, Feb. 7, 2020.
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twenty-four hours to register Christine Hauser, “GoDaddy Severs Ties with Daily Stormer After Charlottesville Article,” The New York Times, Aug. 15, 2017.
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