Facing the Mountain (Adapted for Young Readers), page 15
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Hirabayashi, A Principled Stand, 120–26.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Fred Shiosaki, 2006 Denshō interview by Tom Ikeda.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Roosevelt’s memo to Secretary Stimson, February 1, 1943, a copy of which can also be found in the Tsukiyama Papers, University of Hawaiʻi Special Collections, Hamilton Library. Although often attributed to FDR himself, the memo was authored by Elmer Davis, who ran the Office of War Information.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Fred Shiosaki, 2006 Denshō interview by Tom Ikeda.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Katsugo Miho, interview by Warren Nishimoto, n.d.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
“2600 New U.S. Soldiers Get Public Aloha,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, March 29, 1943.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Daniel Inouye, interview by Tom Ikeda and Beverly Kashino, Americans of Japanese Ancestry Veterans National Convention, Honolulu, June 30, 1998, Denshō Digital Repository.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Rudy Tokiwa, 2011 Go for Broke National Education Center Interview by Ian Kawata
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Hirabayashi, A Principled Stand, 139.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Gordon Hirabayashi, interview by Tom Ikeda and Alice Ito, May 4, 2000, Denshō Digital Repository.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Hirabayashi, A Principled Stand, 134.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
Hirabayashi, A Principled Stand, 145
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Hirabayashi, A Principled Stand,148–149
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36
“442nd’s First C.O.” Newspaper clipping from an unknown publication.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37
John Terry, With Hawaii’s AJA Boys at Camp Shelby, Mississippi (Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd., 1943), 25.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38
Rudy Tokiwa, 1998 Denshō interview by Tom Ikeda and Judy Niizawa.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 39
James M. McCaffrey, Going for Broke: Japanese American Soldiers in the War against Nazi Germany (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013), 177.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 40
“Nisei Rejects Draft Board’s Questionnaire,” The Seattle Times, February 15, 1944.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 41
“ ‘I Love Him,’ Says Bride of Japanese-American.” Undated newspaper clipping.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 42
“White Girl Weds Japanese Youth,” Reno Gazette News, August 2, 1944.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 43
Gordon Hirabayashi, interview by Tom Ikeda, February 12, 2000, Denshō Digital Repository
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 44
Gordon talks about the anonymous hate mail and the fifty-dollar gift in his 2000 Denshō interview.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 45
Eric L. Muller, Free to Die for Their Country: The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 104.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 46
Muller, Free to Die for Their Country, 143.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 47
Rudy Tokiwa, 1998 Denshō interview by Tom Ikeda and Judy Niizawa.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 48
Hiro Higuchi to his wife, July 8, 1944. The letters were donated to the University of Hawaiʻi by their daughter Jane and are archived in the Special Collections at the Hamilton Library.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 49
Rudy Tokiwa mentions the villagers thinking the Nisei must be Chinese in his 1998 Denshō interview and talks about them greeting the Nisei soldiers with kisses in his 2001 Go for Broke National Education Center interview.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 50
The incidents surrounding the awakening of first the Second Battalion and then the Third are related in Orville C. Shirey, Americans: The Story of the 442nd Combat Team (Washington, DC: Washington Infantry Journal Press, 1946), 58–63.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 51
The conversation involving Rudy, Pursall, and Dahlquist is drawn from Rudy’s accounts given in his 1998 Denshō interview and his Go for Broke Education Center interview on March 24, 2002.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 52
This exchange is drawn from Rudy Tokiwa’s 1998 Denshō interview.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 53
McCaffrey, Going for Broke, 266.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 54
Scott McGaugh, Honor Before Glory: The Epic World War II Story of the Japanese American GIs Who Rescued the Lost Battalion (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2016), 158.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 55
Fred Shiosaki, 2006 Denshō interview by Tom Ikeda.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 56
Fred’s account is largely drawn from my interviews with him on April 10 and July 2, 2016, as well as his 2006 Denshō interview with Tom Ikeda.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 57
Pierre Moulin, U.S. Samuraïs in Bruyères: People of France and Japanese Americans: Incredible Story (France: Peace & Freedom Trail, 1993), 108. Translated from the original French edition, U.S. samuraïs en Lorraine (Vagney, France: Gérard Louis, 1988).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 58
“Wounded Nisei Reported Shoved Out of Shop,” Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1944; “Wounded Nisei War Veteran Ejected from Barber Shop,” Pacific Citizen, November 18, 1944.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 59
Rudy Tokiwa, 1998 Denshō interview.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 60
Daniel Inouye, 1998 Denshō interview.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 61
General Mark Clark to Colonel Charles Wilbur Pence on September 7, 1944. A copy of this letter can be found on the Denshō website at https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-1/ddr-csujad-1-200-mezzanine-d2081380e8.pdf.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 62
Solly Ganor, Light One Candle (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), 346–347.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 63
Solly Ganor, interview with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, April 27, 1993.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 64
Tampa Times, May 7, 1945.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 65
Recounted in a letter from Hiro Higuchi to his wife on May 8, 1945, and in Loni Ding’s film Nisei Soldier: Standard Bearer for an Exiled People, Center for Asian American Media, 1984.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 66
Fred described his reaction to the end of the war both in my interview with him on April 10, 2016, as well as his 2006 Denshō interview.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 67
Fred Shiosaki, 2006 Denshō interview by Tom Ikeda.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 68
Rudy Tokiwa, 1998 Denshō interview with Tom Ikeda and Judy Niizawa.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 69
Rudy Tokiwa, 2002 Go for Broke National Education Center interview.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 70
Hughes, “Fred Shiosaki: The Rescue of the Lost Battalion.”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 71
The language is from the act itself, as quoted in Sharon Yamato, “Civil Liberties Act of 1988,” Densho Encyclopedia, updated August 24, 2020, https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 72
Medal of Freedom Ceremony, May 29, 2012, transcript, C-SPAN, https://www.c-span.org/video/cc/?progid=278268.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 73
Selected Bibliography
Crost, Lyn. Honor by Fire: Japanese Americans at War in Europe and the Pacific. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1994.
Ding, Loni, director. Nisei Soldier: Standard Bearer for an Exiled People. Center for Asian American Media, 1984.
Hirabayashi, Gordon K. A Principled Stand: The Story of Hirabayashi v. United States. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013.
“ ‘I Love Him,’ Says Bride of Japanese-American.” Undated newspaper clipping.
McCaffrey, James M. Going for Broke: Japanese American Soldiers in the War against Nazi Germany. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
McGaugh, Scott. Honor before Glory: The Epic World War II Story of the Japanese American GIs Who Rescued the Lost Battalion. Boston: Da Capo Press, 2016.
Moulin, Pierre. US Samuraïs in Bruyères. France: Peace & Freedom Trail, 1993. Translated edition of U.S. samuraïs en Lorraine (Vagney, France: Gérard Louis, 1988).
Muller, Eric L. Free to Die for Their Country: The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
“Nisei Rejects Draft Board’s Questionnaire.” The Seattle Times, February 15, 1944.
Reeves, Richard. Infamy: The Shocking Story of the Japanese-American Internment in World War II. New York: Henry Holt, 2015.
Shirey, Orville C. Americans: The Story of the 442nd Combat Team. Washington, DC: Washington Infantry Journal Press, 1946.
Terry, John. With Hawaii’s AJA Boys at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. 1943.
“Wounded Nisei Reported Shoved Out of Shop.” Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1944.
“Wounded Nisei War Veteran Ejected from Barber Shop.” Pacific Citizen, November 18, 1944.
Photo Credits
1, Source: AP Photo.
2, Source: AP Photo.
3, Source: Katsugo Miho Family Estate.
4, Source: Katsugo Miho Family Estate.
5, Source: Shiosaki Family Collection.
6, Source: AP Photo/Ira W. Guldner.
7, Courtesy of the Tokiwa Family Collection.
8, Source: MOHAI, Seattle Post/Intelligencer Collection, 2000.107.098.21.01.
9, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
10, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
11, Source: MOHAI, Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection, 1986.5.6680.1.
12, Map. Credit: Jeffrey L. Ward
13, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
14, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
15, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
16, Source: AP Photo.
17, Courtesy of Library of Congress.
18, Courtesy of the Tokiwa Family Collection.
19, Source: Shiosaki Family Collection.
20, Source: Critical Past.
21, Source: Bettmann via Getty Images.
22, Map. Credit: Jeffrey L. Ward
23, Courtesy of the Seattle Nisei Veterans Committee Collection and the US Army.
24, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
25, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
26, Map. Credit: Jeffrey L. Ward
27, Source: Critical Past.
28, Source: Katsugo Miho Family Estate.
29, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
30, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
31, Map. Credit: Jeffrey L. Ward
32, Map. Credit: Jeffrey L. Ward
33, Source: US Army Signal Corps/Hawaii War Records Depository.
34, Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration.
Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of the book. Each link will take you to the beginning of the corresponding print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Note: Italicized page numbers indicate
material in tables or illustrations.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
Army Nurse Corps, 165
Asians and anti-Asian racism, 37–38, 203–204
“assembly centers.” See concentration camps
Associated Press, 188–189
Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, vii, 184
* * *
★ ★ ★ ★
B
Black, Lloyd Llewellyn, 61
Black Americans, 103
Bolton, John, 73–74
Bruyères, France, 138–141
* * *
★ ★ ★ ★
C
Cadet Nurse Corps, 165
Camp Harmony, 42
Camp Shelby, 73, 86–92, 90, 93–100, 103–107
casualties of 442nd RCT
and chaplains’ letters of condolences, 133
deaths of officers, 156
and final assault on Nazi Germany, 177
from first day in combat, 128
at French-Italian border, 170
high numbers of, 136, 168, 202
lessons from, 130
from Lost Battalion rescue, 155, 156, 160, 162, 168
memorial services, 135
from mines, 130–131
remembered at end of war, 188
from tank fire, 127
Catalina Federal Honor Camp, 85
Chinese immigrants, 203–204
citizenship, 33, 74, 199
Civil Liberties Act (1988), 200
civil rights of Japanese Americans
citizenship, 33, 74, 199
and Goodman’s court ruling, 115
Gordon’s defense of, 46, 63, 200
impact of Executive Order 9066 on, 33–34 (see also concentration camps)
and military service of Japanese Americans, 74, 94–95, 111
restoration of, 199
Schmoe’s defense of, 79
Clark, Mark, 136, 171–172
Colorado River Indian Reservation, 53
concentration camps
congressman’s backing of, 32
draft resisters in, 111, 114–115
end of incarcerations in, 166–167
442nd soldiers’ visits to, 98–100
government’s apology for, 200
incarcerated men joining families in, 101
Issei relocated to, 34–37, 36, 38, 39, 40–42, 41
life and community in, 57–59, 163
living conditions at, 40–42
map of, 42
number of people in, 50
preparing to relocate to, 45–46
recruiting soldiers from, 111, 163
and “relocation centers” term, vi–vii
See also specific camps including Poston concentration camp
curfews, 44–45, 48, 49, 63
* * *
★ ★ ★ ★
D
Dachau concentration camp, vii, 181–185
Dahlquist, John E., 137, 144–145, 149–152, 160–162
