The Poisoned City, page 36
8. This paragraph is adapted from an article that first appeared in the Boston Review (“The Struggle for Accountability in Flint,” February 2, 2016).
9. “We are building on top of brokenness. Is it any wonder that the foundations cannot hold?” Liz Ogbu, an architect, has an eloquent diagnosis of this tendency and an alternative vision for how we can build spatial justice. Liz Ogbu, “What If Gentrification was about Healing Communities instead of Displacing Them?” TEDWomen 2017 Video [15.07], November 2017, https://www.ted.com/talks/liz_ogbu_what_if_gentrification_was_about_healing_communities_instead_of_displacing_them.
10. The current mission statement of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality says that it “promotes wise management of Michigan’s air, land, and water resources” not only to support a sustainable environment and healthy communities but also a “vibrant economy.” Two of its “guiding principles” sound like those of a business rather than a public agency: “Leaders in environmental stewardship; Partners in economic development; Providers of excellent customer service.” Remarkably, the person that Governor Snyder chose as the MDEQ’s new director, following the resignation of Dan Wyant, was Heidi Grether—a former oil and gas lobbyist who worked at BP America in external affairs for about two decades. In 2010, she helped manage the company’s public response to the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico where an explosion led to the equivalent of about 3.1 million barrels of oil to spill into the water over eighty-seven days. As the Detroit Free Press editorial board observed (“Like a Sick Joke: Snyder Appoints BP Lobbyist to Head MDEQ,” July 15, 2016), Grether’s LinkedIn page described that work proudly: “Developed and implemented successful external relations strategies for the Gulf Coast in response to the DWH accident, thereby achieving no legislation adverse to BP being introduced in the Gulf states. Developed and implemented the successful exit strategy for Gulf Coast external affairs activities, which obtained zero negative reactions against BP.” Grether succeeded Keith Creagh, who served as interim director of the MDEQ.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Ashworth, William. The Late, Great Lakes: An Environmental History. New York: Knopf, 1986.
Atkinson, Scott, ed. Happy Anyway: A Flint Anthology. Cleveland: Belt Publishing, 2016.
Ayer, Ananthakrishnan, ed. Telling Our Stories: Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement in Flint. Flint, Mich.: Flint Colorline Project, 2007.
Bomey, Nathan. Detroit Reconstructed: To Bankruptcy and Back. New York: W. W. Norton, 2016.
Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. 1962. Reprint, New York: Mariner Books, 2002.
Crawford, Kim. The Daring Trader: Jacob Smith in the Michigan Territory, 1802–1825. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2012.
Crow, Carl. The City of Flint Grows Up: The Success Story of an American Community. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1945.
Dandaneau, Steven P. A Town Abandoned: Flint, Michigan, Confronts Deindustrialization. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Dennis, Jerry. The Living Great Lakes: Searching for the Heart of the Inland Seas. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2003.
Denworth, Lydia. Toxic Truth: A Scientist, a Doctor, and the Battle Over Lead. Boston: Beacon Press, 2008.
Egan, Dan. The Death and Life of the Great Lakes. New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.
Fagan, Brian. Elixir: A History of Water and Humankind. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2011.
Fagin, Dan. Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation. 2013. New York: Bantam, 2013.
Fine, Sidney. Sit-Down: The General Motors Strike of 1936–1937. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969.
Flinn, Gary. Remembering Flint, Michigan: Stories from the Vehicle City. Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2010.
Gibbs, Lois Marie. Love Canal and the Birth of the Environmental Health Movement. 1982. Updated edition, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2011.
Gibbs, Lois Marie, and Murray Levine. Love Canal: My Story. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982.
Glenn, Robert. Unquenchable: America’s Water Crisis and What to Do About It. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2009.
Harr, Jonathan. A Civil Action. 1995. New York: Vintage Books, 1996.
Highsmith, Andrew R. Demolition Means Progress: Flint, Michigan, and the Fate of the American Metropolis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
Ibsen, Henrik. An Enemy of the People. 1882. Four Great Plays. Trans. R. Farquharson Sharp. New York: Bantam Books, 1984.
Jackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of American Cities. 1961. Reprint, New York: The Modern Library, 1993.
Leopold, Aldo. A Sand County Almanac: With Essays on Conservation from Round River. 1949. Reprint, New York: Ballantine Books, 1986.
Lerner, Steve. Sacrifice Zones: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2010.
Markowitz, Gerald, and David Rosner. Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution. 2002. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.
________. Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America’s Children. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.
Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.
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INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Absopure Water Corporation
accountability
administrative consent order (ACO)
African Americans. See also racial segregation
barriers faced by
children’s blood-lead levels and
disenfranchisement and
environmental justice and
housing restrictions and
New Flint plan and
population of, in Flint
schools and
urban riots of 1960s and
Akron
Albany
Albion, Michigan
Allen Park, Michigan
Ambrose, Jerry
American Bicentennial
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Michigan chapter
American Legion
American Society for Civil Engineers
American Water Works Association (AWWA)
Ananich, Jim
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Antioch Missionary Baptist Church
Arab American Heritage Council
Asbury Park, New Jersey
Atlantic City
Auden, W. H.
austerity. See also disinvestment; emergency managers
auto industry. See also General Motors
bailouts
sit-down strike
baby formula
bacteria
Baker College
Baltimore
Bay City, Michigan
Beecher, Michigan
Benton Harbor, Michigan
Berkeley, California
Bernero, Virg
Berstron Field House
Betanzo, Elin
Bettis, Barbara
Beyoncé
Beyond Blight
Blacksburg, Virginia
blood-lead level data
blood tests, free
boil-water advisories
Bond Buyer, The
Boston
bottled water
Brockovich, Erin
Bronx, New York
Brooke, Edward W.
Brown v. Board of Education
Buckham Alley
Buffalo
Buick City
Bureau of Mines
Burgess, Jan
Burress, Hannibal
Burton, Michigan
Busch, Stephen
calcium
California
Camden, New Jersey
Canada
cancer
Capitol Theatre restoration
Carmody, Steve
Carson, Rachel
Carter, Jimmy
Cass, Lewis
catalytic converters
Cavanagh, Jerome
Center for Investigative Reporting
Center for Public Integrity
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Chevrolet
Chevrolet Park
Chevy in the Hole (later Chevy Commons)
Chicago
Chicago River
children
blood-lead level tests and
class action settlement and
lead poisoning and
Washington, D.C., crisis and
Children’s Hospital (Philadelphia)
Children’s National Medical Center
chloramine
chlorides
chlorine
Legionnaires’ disease and
total coliform tests and
TTHMs and
cholera
Cincinnati
City of Flint Grows Up, The (Crow)
Civic Park Health and Wellness House
Civic Park neighborhood
one hundredth anniversary
Civil Action, A (Harr)
Civilian Conservation Corps
civil lawsuits
civil rights movement
class action lawsuits
Clean Air Act (1970)
Clean Water Act (1972)
Cleveland
Clinton, Hillary
Coalition for Clean Water
College Cultural neighborhood
Commentary
Committee to Repeal Forced Housing Legislation
Concerned Pastors for Social Action
Connecticut Municipal Accountability Review Board
constitutional rights
Coogler, Ryan
Cook, Pat
copper. See also Lead and Copper Rule
corrosion control
Corrosive Impact (Guyette)
Croft, Howard
Crooks, Jennifer
Crow, Carl
C. S. Mott Foundation
Cultural Center
Curtis, Christopher Paul
Cuyahoga River
Davis, Wantwaz
Dawson, Qiana
Declaration of Independence
defense industry
Del Toral, Miguel
Democracy Defense League
Democracy in America (Tocqueville)
Democracy Now! (cable show)
Democratic Party
Demolition Means Progress (Highsmith)
Detroit
bankruptcy of
emergency managers and
fire of 1805
riots and
schools and
water system and
Detroit City Council
Detroit Free Press
Detroit Institute of Arts
Detroit News
Detroit Pistons
Detroit to Flint Water Justice Journey
Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD). See also Great Lakes Water Authority
corrosion control and
cost of water and
Flint debt to KWA and
Flint direct line to
Flint switchback to
Flint switch from
GM switchback to
Hard to Swallow and
reconnection fee and
Dillon, Andy
Dionne, Aaron
Dioscorides
Disaster Distress helpline
disenfranchisement
disinvestment
Dort Highway treatment plant
doubt strategy
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
Duffy, Vincent
DuPont and Company
dysentery
Earley, Darnell
East Village Magazine
E. coli
Ecorse, Michigan
Edison, Thomas
Edwards, Marc
elections
of 1964
of 2011
of 2016
Elizabeth II, queen of England
emergency managers. See also specific individuals
accountability and
appointment of
disinvestment and
Guyette on
lawsuit vs.
legislation creating
need to restructure
power of
“Engineering Ethics and the Public” (Virginia Tech course)
environmental justice
environmental laws
environmental movement
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). See also Lead and Copper Rule (LCR)
Del Toral report and
inspector general’s investigation of
lawsuit vs.
LCR and
Legionnaires’ disease and
Love Canal and
MDEQ and
Superfund and
Washington, D.C., lead crisis and
Environmental Protection Agency, District 5 (Chicago office)
Environmental Science & Technology
epidemiologists
report altered
Erin Brockovich (film)
Etherly, Woody, Jr.
Ethyl Corporation
Fair Housing Act (1968)
fair housing ordinances
Federal Disaster Act
federal disaster declaration
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Fedewa, Rebecca
ferric chloride
Figueroa, Yolanda
Firebirds hockey team
fire hydrants
Flint
aftermath of crisis in
auto boom and
begins using DWSD water
budget deficit and debt
civil unrest of 1960s
delayed maintenance and
direct line to DWSD and
early history of
emergency managers of 2002–4
emergency managers of 2011–15
federal disaster declarations and
housing segregation in
KWA ACO and
lawsuits on water crisis in
population loss and
state of emergency declarations and
switchback to DWSD and
switch to river water and
water treatment by, lacks corrosion control
Flint Beat (news site)
Flint Board of Realtors
Flint City Commission (later City Council)
Flint City Council (formerly City Commission)
DWSD-KWA resolution of 2017 and
Flint Water Study and
KWA and
votes to reconnect to DWSD
Flint Department of Public Works (DPW)
Flint Generals hockey team
Flint Institute of Arts
Flint Journal
Flint Lake Park
Flint Literary Festival
Flint Office of Ombudsman
Flint Parks Department
Flint Public Library
Flint River
cleanup of
early history of
Flint switches to water from
GM switchback to DWSD from
high cost of
KWA ACO and
Legionnaires’ disease and
Flint River Fest
Flint River Trail
Flint River Watershed Coalition
Flintside (news site)
Flint Strong
Flint Symphony Orchestra
Flint Township (suburb)
Flint Water Advisory Task Force
Flint Water Class Action Group
Flint Water Study group
Floral Park neighborhood
Fonda, Jane
Fonger, Ron
Ford, Gerald
Ford Foundation
Fortune 500 companies
Franklin, Aretha
Franklin, Benjamin
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Freeman, Joshua
Gadola, Michael
Galloway, Monica
Gary, Indiana
Garza, Ryan
gasoline, leaded
Gazall, Kathleen
Geisel, Theodore (Dr. Seuss)
General Motors (GM)
corrosion problems and
DWSD deal of 1964
leaded gasoline and
New Flint plan and
segregation and
sit-down strike
