Behave the biology of hu.., p.83

Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst, page 83

 

Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst
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  65. E. Turkheimer, “Three Laws of Behavior Genetics and What They Mean,” Curr Dir Psych Sci 9 (2000): 160.

  Chapter 9: Centuries to Millennia Before

  1. L. Guiso et al., “Culture, Gender, and Math,” Sci 320 (2008): 1164.

  2. R. Fisman and E. Miguel, “Corruption, Norms, and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets,” J Political Economics 115 (2007): 1020; M. Gelfand et al., “Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study,” Sci 332 (2011): 1100; A. Alesina et al., “On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough,” Quarterly J Economics 128 (2013): 469.

  3. For a good discussion of this, see A. Norenzayan, “Explaining Human Behavioral Diversity,” Sci 332 (2011): 1041.

  4. E. Tylor. Primitive Culture (1871; repr. New York: J. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1920).

  5. A. Whitten “Incipient Tradition in Wild Chimpanzees,” Nat 514 (2014): 178; R. O’Malley et al., “The Cultured Chimpanzee: Nonsense or Breakthrough?” J Curr Anthropology 53 (2012): 650; J. Mercador et al., “4,300-Year-Old Chimpanzee Sites and the Origins of Percussive Stone Technology,” PNAS 104 (2007): 3043; E. van Leeuwen et al., “A Group-Specific Arbitrary Tradition in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes),” Animal Cog 17 (2014): 1421.

  6. J. Mann et al., “Why Do Dolphins Carry Sponges?” PLoS ONE 3 (2008): e3868; M. Krutzen et al., “Cultural Transmission of Tool Use in Bottlenose Dolphins,” PNAS 102 (2005): 8939; M. Möglich and G. Alpert, “Stone Dropping by Conomyrma bicolor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A New Technique of Interference Competition,” Behav Ecology and Sociobiology 2 (1979): 105.

  7. M. Pagel, “Adapted to Culture,” Nat 482 (2012): 297; C. Kluckhohn et al., Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952); C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973).

  8. D. Brown, Human Universals (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991); D. Smail, On Deep History and the Brain (Oakland: University of California Press, 2008).

  9. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, “Life Expectancy at Birth,” in The World Factbook, https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html; W. Lutz and S. Scherbov, Global Age-Specific Literacy Projections Model (GALP): Rationale, Methodology and Software (Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Adult Education and Literacy Statistics Programme, 2006), www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/GALP2006_en.pdf; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, “Infant Mortality Rate,” in The World Factbook, https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html; International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015.

  10. Homicide: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Study on Homicide 2013 (April 2014); K. Devries, “The Global Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women,” Sci 340 (2013): 1527.

  Rape data: NationMaster, “Rape Rate: Countries Compared,” www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Crime/Rape-rate; L. Melhado, “Rates of Sexual Violence are High in Democratic Republic of the Congo,” Int Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 36 (2010): 210; K. Johnson et al., “Association of Sexual Violence and Human Rights Violations with Physical and Mental Health in Territories of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo,” JAMA 304 (2010): 553. Bullying data: F. Elgar et al., “Income Inequality and School Bullying: Multilevel Study of Adolescents in 37 Countries,” J Adolescent Health 45 (2009): 351.

  11. B. Snyder, “The Ten Best Countries for Women,” Fortune, October 27, 2014, http://fortune.com/2014/10/27/best-countries-for-women/. The Global Gender Gap Report was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum. Inter-Parliamentary Union, “Women in National Parliaments,” IPU.org, August 1, 2016, www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, “Maternal Mortality Rate,” in The World Factbook, https://cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html.

  12. Gallup Poll International, “Do You Feel Loved?” February 2013; J. Henrich et al., “The Weirdest People in the World? BBS 33 (2010): 61; M. Morris et al. “Culture, Norms and Obligations: Cross-National Differences in Patterns of Interpersonal Norms and Felt Olibgations Toward Coworkers,” The Practice of Social Influence in Multiple Cultures 84107 (2001).

  13. H. Markus and S. Kitayama, “Culture and Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation,” Psych Rev 98 (1991): 224; S. Kitayama and A. Uskul, “Culture, Mind, and the Brain: Current Evidence and Future Directions,” Ann Rev of Psych 62 (2011): 419; J. Sui and S. Han, “Self-Construal Priming Modulates Neural Substrates of Self-Awareness,” Psych Sci 18 (2007): 861; B. Park et al., “Neural Evidence for Cultural Differences in the Valuation of Positive Facial Expressions,” SCAN 11 (2016): 243.

  14. H. Katchadourian, Guilt: The Bite of Conscience (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford General Books, 2011); J. Jacquet, Is Shame Necessary? New Uses for an Old Tool (New York: Pantheon, 2015); B. Cheon et al., “Cultural Influences on Neural Basis of Intergroup Empathy,” Neuroimage 57 (2011): 642; A. Cuddy et al., “Stereotype Content Model Across Cultures: Towards Universal Similarities and Some Differences,” Brit J Soc Psych 48 (2009): 1.

  15. R. Nisbett, The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently . . . And Why (New York: Free Press, 2003).

  16. T. Hedden et al., “Cultural Influences on Neural Substrates of Attentional Control,” Psych Sci 19 (2008): 12; S. Han and G. Northoff, “Culture-Sensitive Neural Substrates of Human Cognition: A Transcultural Neuroimaging Approach,” Nat Rev Nsci 9 (2008): 646; T. Masuda and R. E. Nisbett, “Attending Holistically vs. Analytically: Comparing the Context Sensitivity of Japanese and Americans,” JPSP 81 (2001): 922.

  17. J. Chiao, “Cultural Neuroscience: A Once and Future Discipline,” Prog Brain Res 178 (2009): 287.

  18. Nisbett, The Geography of Thought; Y. Ogihara et al., “Are Common Names Becoming Less Common? The Rise in Uniqueness and Individualism in Japan,” Front Psych 6 (2015): 1490.

  19. A. Mesoudi et al., “How Do People Become W.E.I.R.D.? Migration Reveals the Cultural Transmission Mechanisms Underlying Variation in Psychological Processes,” PLoS ONE 11 (2016): e0147162.

  20. A. Terrazas and J. Batalova, Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants in the United States (Migration Policy Institute, 2009); J. DeParle, “Global Migration: A World Ever More on the Move,” New York Times, June 25, 2010; Pew Research Center, “Second-Generation Americans: A Portrait of the Adult Children of Immigrants,” February 7, 2013, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/02/07/second-generation-americans/.

  21. J. Lansing, “Balinese ‘Water temples’ and the Management of Irrigation,” Am Anthropology 89 (1987): 326.

  22. T. Talhelm et al., “Large-Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture,” Sci 344 (2014): 603.

  23. A. Uskul et al., “Ecocultural Basis of Cognition: Farmers and Fishermen Are More Holistic than Herders,” PNAS 105 (2008): 8552.

  24. Z. Dershowitz, “Jewish Subcultural Patterns and Psychological Differentiation,” Int J Psych 6 (1971): 223.

  25. H. Harpending and G. Cochran, “In Our Genes,” PNAS 99 (2002): 10; F. Chang et al., “The World-wide Distribution of Allele Frequencies at the Human Dopamine D4 Receptor Locus,” Hum Genetics 98 (1996): 891; K. Kidd et al., “An Historical Perspective on ‘The World-wide Distribution of Allele Frequencies at the Human Dopamine D4 Receptor Locus,’” Hum Genetics 133 (2014): 431; C. Chen et al., “Population Migration and the Variation of Dopamine D4 Receptor (DRD4) Allele Frequencies Around the Globe,” EHB 20 (1999): 309.

  26. C. Ember and M. Ember, “Warfare, Aggression, and Resource Problems: Cross-Cultural Codes,” Behav Sci Res 26 (1992): 169; R. Textor, “Cross Cultural Summary: Human Relations Area Files” (1967); H. People and F. Marlowe, “Subsistence and the Evolution of Religion,” Hum Nat 23 (2012): 253.

  27. R. McMahon, Homicide in Pre-famine and Famine Ireland (Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 2013).

  28. R. Nisbett and D. Cohen, Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).

  29. W. Borneman, Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America (New York: Random House, 2008); B. Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).

  30. F. Stewart, Honor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).

  31. D. Fischer, Albion’s Seed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).

  32. P. Chesler, “Are Honor Killings Simply Domestic Violence?” Middle East Quarterly, Spring 2009, pp. 61–69, www.meforum.org/2067/are-honor-killings-simply-domestic-violence.

  33. M. Borgerhoff Mulder et al., “Intergenerational Wealth Transmission and the Dynamics of Inequality in Small-Scale Societies,” Sci 326 (2009): 682.

  34. P. Turchin, War and Peace and War: The Rise and Fall of Empires (NY: Penguin Press, 2006); D. Rogers et al., “The Spread of Inequality,” PLoS ONE 6 (2011): e24683.

  35. R. Wilkinson, Mind the Gap: Hierarchies, Health and Human Evolution (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000).

  36. F. Elgar et al., “Income Inequality, Trust and Homicide in 33 Countries,” Eur J Public Health 21, 241; F. Elgar et al., “Income Inequality and School Bullying: Multilevel Study of Adolescents in 37 Countries,” J Adolescent Health 45 (2009): 351; B. Herrmann et al., “Antisocial Punishment Across Societies,” Sci 319 (2008): 1362.

  37. F. Durante et al., “Nations’ Income Inequality Predicts Ambivalence in Stereotype Content: How Societies Mind the Gap,” Brit J Soc Psych 52 (2012): 726.

  38. N. Adler et al., “Relationship of Subjective and Objective Social Status with Psychological and Physiological Functioning: Preliminary Data in Healthy White Women,” Health Psych 19 (2000): 586; N. Adler and J. Ostrove, “SES and Health: What We Know and What We Don’t,” ANYAS 896 (1999): 3; I. Kawachi et al., “Crime: Social Disorganization and Relative Deprivation,” Soc Sci and Med 48 (1999): 719; I. Kawachi and B. Kennedy, The Health of Nations: Why Inequality Is Harmful to Your Health (New York: New Press, 2002); J. Lynch et al., “Income Inequality, the Psychosocial Environment, and Health: Comparisons of Wealthy Nations,” Lancet 358 (2001): 194; G. A. Kaplan et al., “Inequality in Income and Mortality in the United States: Analysis of Mortality and Potential Pathways,” Brit Med J 312 (1996): 999; J. R. Dunn et al., “Income Distribution, Public Services Expenditures, and All Cause Mortality in US States,” J Epidemiology and Community Health 59 (2005): 768; C. R. Ronzio et al., “The Politics of Preventable Deaths: Local Spending, Income Inequality, and Premature Mortality in US Cities,” J Epidemiology and Community Health 58 (2004): 175.

  39. R. Evans et al., Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not? The Determinants of Health of Populations (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994).

  40. D. Chon, “The Impact of Population Heterogeneity and Income Inequality on Homicide Rates: A Cross-National Assessment,” Int J Offender Therapy and Comp Criminology 56 (2012): 730; F. J. Elgar and N. Aitken, “Income Inequality, Trust and Homicide in 33 Countries,” Eur J Public Health 21 (2010): 241; C. Hsieh and M. Pugh, “Poverty, Income Inequality, and Violent Crime: A Meta-analysis of Recent Aggregate Data Studies,” Criminal Justice Rev 18 (1993): 182; M. Daly et al., “Income Inequality and Homicide Rates in Canada and the United States,” Canadian J Criminology 32 (2001): 219.

  41. K. A. DeCellesa and M. I. Norton, “Physical and Situational Inequality on Airplanes Predicts Air Rage,” PNAS 113 (2016): 5588.

  42. M. Balter, “Why Settle Down? The Mystery of Communities,” Sci 282 (1998): 1442; P. Richerson, “Group Size Determines Cultural Complexity,” Nat 503 (2013): 351; M. Derex et al., “Experimental Evidence for the Influence of Group Size on Cultural Complexity,” Nat 503 (2013): 389; A. Gibbons, “How We Tamed Ourselves—and Became Modern,” Sci 346 (2014): 405.

  43. F. Lederbogen et al., “City Living and Urban Upbringing Affect Neural Social Stress Processing in Humans,” Nat 474 (2011): 498; D. P. Kennedy and R. Adolphs, “Stress and the City,” Nat 474 (2011): 452; A. Abbott, “City Living Marks the Brain,” Nat 474 (2011): 429.

  44. J. Henrich et al., “Markets, Religion, Community Size, and the Evolution of Fairness and Punishment,” Sci 327 (2010): 1480; Footnote: B. Maheer, “Good Gaming,” Nat 531 (2016): 568.

  45. A. Norenzayan, Big Gods: How Religions Transformed Cooperation and Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015).

  46. L. R. Florizno et al., “Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study,” Sci 332 (2011): 1100.

  47. J. B. Calhoun, “Population Density and Social Pathology,” Sci Am 306 (1962): 139; E. Ramsden, “From Rodent Utopia to Urban Hell: Population, Pathology, and the Crowded Rats of NIMH,” Isis 102 (2011): 659; J. L. Freedman et al., “Environmental Determinants of Behavioral Contagion,” Basic and Applied Soc Psych 1 (1980): 155; O. Galle et al., “Population Density and Pathology: What Are the Relations for Man?” Sci 176 (1972): 23.

  48. A. Parkes, “The Future of Fertility Control,” in J. Meade, ed., Biological Aspects of Social Problems (NY: Springer, 1965).

  49. M. Lim et al., “Global Pattern Formation and Ethnic/Cultural Violence,” Sci 317 (2007): 1540; A. Rutherford et al., “Good Fences: The Importance of Setting Boundaries for Peaceful Coexistence,” PLoS ONE 9 (2014): e95660.

  50. Florizno et al., “Differences Between Tight and Loose.”

  51. The following papers examine the effects of normal weather fluctuations, extremes of weather, and global warming on a variety of social end points: J. Brashares et al., “Wildlife Decline and Social Conflict,” Sci 345 (2014): 376; S. M. Hsiang et al., “Civil Conflicts Are Associated with the Global Climate,” Nat 476 (2011): 438; A. Solow, “Climate for Conflict,” Nat 476 (2011): 406; S. Schiermeier, “Climate Cycles Drive Civil War,” Nat 476 (2011): 406; E. Miguel et al., “Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach,” J Political Economy 112 (2004): 725; M. Burke et al., “Warming Increases Risk of Civil War in Africa,” PNAS 106 (2009): 20670; J. P. Sandholt and K. S. Gleditsch, “Rain, Growth, and Civil War: The Importance of Location,” Defence and Peace Economics 20 (2009): 359; H. Buhaug, “Climate Not to Blame for African Civil Wars,” PNAS 107 (2010): 16477; D. D. Zhang et al., “Global Climate Change, War and Population Decline in Recent Human History,” PNAS 104 (2007): 19214; R. S. J. Tol and S. Wagner, “Climate Change and Violent Conflict in Europe over the Last Millennium,” Climatic Change 99 (2009): 65; A. Solow, “A Call for Peace on Climate and Conflict,” Nat 497 (2013): 179; J. Bohannon, “Study Links Climate Change and Violence, Battle Ensues,” Sci 341 (2013): 444; S. M. Hsiang et al., “Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict,” Sci 341 (2013): 1212.

  52. R. Sapolsky, “Endocrine and Behavioral Correlates of Drought in the Wild Baboon,” Am J Primat 11 (1986): 217.

  53. J. Bohannon, “Study Links Climate Change and Violence, Battle Ensues,” Sci 341 (2013): 444.

  54. E. Culotta, “On the Origins of Religion,” Sci 326 (2009): 784 (this is the source of the quote); C. A. Botero et al., “The Ecology of Religious Beliefs,” PNAS 111 (2014): 16784; A. Shariff and A. Norenzayan, “God Is Watching You: Priming God Concepts Increases Prosocial Behavior in an Anonymous Economic Game,” Psych Science 18 (2007): 803; R. Wright, The Evolution of God (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 2009).

  55. L. Keeley, War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

  56. S. Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Penguin, 2011).

  57. G. Milner, “Nineteenth-Century Arrow Wounds and Perceptions of Prehistoric Warfare,” Am Antiquity 70 (2005): 144.

  58. See this entire volume: D. Fry, War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). In particular, see these chapters in it: R. Ferguson, “Pinker’s List: Exaggerating Prehistoric War Mortality,” p. 112; R. Sussman “Why the Legend of the Killer Ape Never Dies: The Enduring Power of Cultural Beliefs to Distort Our View of Human Nature,” p. 92; and R. Kelly, “From the Peaceful to the Warlike: Ethnographic and Archeological Insights into Hunter-Gatherer Warfare and Homicide,” p. 151.

  59. F. Wendorf, The Prehistory of Nubia (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1968).

  60. R. A. Marlar et al., “Biochemical Evidence of Cannibalism at a Prehistoric Puebloan Site in Southwestern Colorado,” Nat 407 (2000): 74; M. Balter, “Did Neandertals Dine In?” Sci 326 (2009): 1057.

  61. N. Chagnon, Yanomamo: The Fierce People (NY: Holt McDougal, 1984); N. A. Chagnon, “Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,” Sci 239 (1988): 985.

  62. A. Lawler, “The Battle over Violence,” Sci 336 (2012): 829.

  63. G. Benjamin et al., “Violence: Finding Peace,” Sci 338 (2012): 327; S. Pinker, “Violence: Clarified,” Sci 338 (2012): 327.

  64. A. R. Ramos, “Reflecting on the Yanomami: Ethnographic Images and the Pursuit of the Exotic,” Cultural Anthropology 2 (1987): 284; R. Ferguson, Yanomami Warfare: A Political History, a School for Advanced Research Resident Scholar Book (1995); E. Eakin, “How Napoleon Chagnon Became Our Most Controversial Anthropologist,” New York Times Magazine, 2013, p. 13; D. Fry, Beyond War: The Human Potential for Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

  65. L. Glowacki and R. Wrangham, “Warfare and Reproductive Success in a Tribal Population,” PNAS 112 (2015): 348. For related findings, see: J. Moore, “The Reproductive Success of Cheyenne War Chiefs: A Contrary Case to Chagnon’s Yanomamo,” Curr Anthropology 31 (1990): 322; S. Beckerman et al., “Life Histories, Blood Revenge and Reproductive Success Among the Waorani of Ecuador,” PNAS 106 (2009): 8134.

 

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