Scientist, page 1
Also by Richard Rhodes
Energy
Hell and Good Company
Hedy’s Folly
The Twilight of the Bombs
Arsenals of Folly
John James Audubon
Masters of Death
Why They Kill
Visions of Technology
Deadly Feasts
Trying to Get Some Dignity
(with Ginger Rhodes)
Dark Sun
How to Write
Nuclear Renewal
Making Love
A Hole in the World
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
Looking for America
Sons of Earth
The Last Safari
Holy Secrets
The Ungodly
The Inland Ground
Copyright © 2021 by Richard Rhodes
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Doubleday, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and distributed in Canada by Penguin Random House Canada Limited, Toronto.
www.doubleday.com
DOUBLEDAY and the portrayal of an anchor with a dolphin are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to Harvard University Press for permission to reprint previously published material from the following:
The Insect Societies by Edward O. Wilson, Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1971 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis by Edward O. Wilson, Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1975 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
On Human Nature by Edward O. Wilson, Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Copyright © 1978 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Cover photograph by Jenny Leutwyler / Contour / Getty Images
Cover design by John A. Fontana
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021944184
Hardcover ISBN 9780385545556
Ebook ISBN 9780385545563
ep_prh_5.8.0_c0_r0
For Ginger
A grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
supported the research and writing of this book.
Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.
—Theodosius Dobzhansky
Contents
1. Specimen Days
2. Lost Worlds
3. Natural Selection
4. Stamp Collectors and Fast Young Guns
5. Speaking Pheromone
6. Keys
7. Full Sweep
8. Ambivalences
9. Human Natures
10. The Deep Things
11. Crossing the Line
12. Reprising Linnaeus
13. Origami
Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Notes
Bibliography
Illustration Credits
1
Specimen Days
Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Harvard College
Cambridge 38, Massachusetts
Director’s Room
November 2, 1954
To whom it may concern:
This will introduce Mr. Edward O. Wilson, a junior fellow in Harvard University. Mr. Wilson is traveling to Australia, Ceylon, New Guinea and New Caledonia for the purpose of collecting scientific specimens for the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Any assistance or advice you may be able to give him will be greatly appreciated.
Very truly yours,
Alfred S. Romer
Director
Finally, Ed Wilson was on his way, twenty-five years old, tall and lanky, the upper range of his hearing gone since his teens, his right eye ruined in a childhood accident: half deaf and half blind. Outwardly, he was a polite, soft-spoken product of Gulf Coast Alabama, the first in his family to graduate from college. But behind the well-mannered finish he was as tough as nails, as bright as the evening star, and no man’s fool. He would become one of the half-dozen greatest biologists of the twentieth century. In the new century now advancing, he would lead the charge to save what’s left of wilderness—half the Earth, he said—not only for the experience of wilderness but also for the millions of species large and small, many of them not yet even named, in danger of going extinct, forever. If they did, he taught, they would take with them their supporting strands of the great web of life, unraveling the world. Trees can be replaced; species, having evolved into being across millions of years, are irreplaceable.
For now, a fresh-minted Ph.D., just setting out, his lifework before him, young Wilson was bound for the South Pacific to collect ants. Entomology was his field—insect biology—and ants were his specialty. No one had ever systematically collected ants across the vast sweep of the South Pacific. For ant specimens, many Pacific islands had never been explored.
The new frontier in 1954, after James Watson and Francis Crick’s great 1953 discovery, was the structure and function of DNA. Biologists everywhere had run to their labs to inform their science with chemistry and physics. Wilson was deliberately running the other way. “If a subject is already receiving a great deal of attention,” he explained his strategy later, “if it has a glamorous aura, if its practitioners are prizewinners who receive large grants, stay away from that subject.”
Wilson was an explorer at heart, had been since he was a small boy. Rather than focus his work on one species, as most of his peers would do, he preferred to break new ground, find the big nuggets, assay them, and move on. If he’d started his life as an only child in the Gulf Coast South, chasing down snakes and butterflies, he’d arrived at Harvard for graduate study in 1951 as a certified prodigy. In a vacant lot in Mobile, Alabama, when he was only thirteen years old, he’d been the first collector in the United States to spot the invasion of the pestilential red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, transported from Argentina as a ship stowaway. Seven years later, as an undergraduate at the University of Alabama, he’d published his first scientific paper.
Avoiding the crowd was a risky strategy—one that would reward him repeatedly across a long, successful career, but would also vex him with major challenges. “Take a subject instead that interests you and looks promising,” his advice continues, “and where established experts are not yet conspicuously competing with one another…. You may feel lonely and insecure in your first endeavors, but, all other things being equal, your best chance to make your mark and to experience the thrill of discovery will be there.” The advice was vintage Wilson, potentially beneficial in equal measure to the curious boy and the ambitious adult.
A Harvard Junior Fellowship stood behind his one-man expedition to the South Pacific on behalf of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. The exclusive Society of Fellows, founded at Harvard in 1933, annually awarded a dozen exceptional young scholars three years of support for any research or study they chose to undertake. Across the decades, the ranks of Harvard Senior and Junior Fellows have included such well-known leaders as the presidential adviser McGeorge Bundy, the historian Crane Brinton, the Nobel-laureate physicist and Manhattan Project veteran Norman Ramsey, the strategic analyst Daniel Ellsberg, the economist Carl Kaysen, the transistor co-inventor John Bardeen, the artificial-intelligence pioneer Marvin Minsky, the geographer and historian Jared Diamond, the behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner, and the U.S. poet laureate Donald Hall. In 1954, the Society added Ed Wilson’s name to its list.
Collegial dinners every Monday night in term time introduced Wilson to such visiting stars as the charismatic J. Robert Oppenheimer, a high-school hero of Wilson’s at the end of World War II, when Oppenheimer emerged as the so-called father of the atomic bomb. “Promethean intellect triumphant,” Wilson would recall his assessment of the famous physicist, “master of arcane knowledge that had tamed for human use the most powerful force in nature.” Junior Fellows were expected to attend such weekly dinners as well as twice-a-week luncheons with their peers. Wilson would miss a share of both in his nine-month Pacific expedition.
He would miss something—someone—else as well, a far more intensely personal deprivation. He and a young Boston native, Irene Kelley, dark-haired and pretty, had become engaged not long before, after a yearlong courtship. “The first time I ever saw you,” he would remember and write her from New Guinea in March, “you came down the steps from upstairs at Shirley Hayes. In the back of my mind I said, ‘What a pretty girl,’ but also, ‘not my type, probably a party girl of the first water, being rushed by various dancing dons of the cocktail-lounge set.” How wrong he was, he wrote Irene, “how exciting to me our courtship was, and how deeply satisfying to me when I began to sense your real qualities and we began to fall in love.”
Irene was his first love. He had earned both bachelor’s and master’s degrees in only four years at the University of Alabama, carrying heavy course loads, studying through the summers, and there had been no time for dating. “My father was deteriorating rapidly,” he recalled. “I could tell that I might not have any support whatever.” So he had rushed through, and only now, with a Junior Fell owship in his pocket, had he begun to think of life beyond study and research. “I knew that I’d better start meeting some of the young women and developing a fuller life as an adult. In those days, the early fifties, the way you dated a young woman—or at least this was true in the South, where I’d come from—when you invited a young lady out frequently, you invited her to dinner and some kind of after-dinner entertainment, such as dancing. So I thought, I’d better learn how to dance.”
He checked around Cambridge. “There was a very respectable-looking dance studio on Commonwealth Avenue which offered lessons in dancing, ordinary ballroom dancing. That’s where I started my lessons.” He was far from a natural. After a few lessons, preoccupied with study, he dropped out. But he was never a quitter. After a time, he began dancing lessons again. “And then I met this vision. Irene. She really was a beautiful young woman, and very gracious, even by Southern standards. I had just returned from Cuba and Mexico—my first fieldwork as a Junior Fellow. I was poorly dressed, and I was clumsy. She did the best she could with me. I just wasn’t cut out for dancing. I couldn’t even learn the fox-trot.”
Though Irene wasn’t a college graduate, she was smart and competent, both at dancing and in her day job in the Harvard University admissions office. She taught dancing in the evening for a reason Wilson immediately admired: to help support her family, which included a younger sister who was mentally ill.
“So I invited her out and we did not go dancing,” Wilson recalled. “We did everything else. Fairly quickly, we became engaged. She had wonderful health at that time, and we walked practically every street in downtown Boston. We went to virtually every restaurant. We made exploring restaurants our hobby. And in this way, we developed an idyllic romance.”
Then, in his second year as a Junior Fellow, at about the time he and Irene were planning to marry, he was invited to collect ants in the South Pacific for the Harvard Museum. Going away for a year might have soured their romance. “I’d dreamed of doing this,” Wilson told me, recalling his childhood expectations. “I realized it could be a tremendous personal experience for me—to be a pioneer, the first to go into areas where ants had never been collected before. I explained all this to Irene. We were engaged, but I told her, ‘I really need to go.’ It was something like a soldier leaving for war. I explained what an extraordinary advantage I was being offered, doing original work in a completely unstudied part of the world. And she said: ‘Go.’ And go I did, with each of us pledged to write each other every day.”
The two said goodbye at Boston’s Logan Airport on 26 November 1954, the day after Thanksgiving, both of them heart-stricken at the long separation that opened before them. “I am proud that you didn’t cry,” Wilson wrote her later that day from Louisville, where he had stopped over to visit his mother, “but I want you to know that it was the most painful thing I had ever experienced.” He didn’t cry, either, not when they separated, but as soon as he boarded he started “crying like a baby,” he told her:
It isn’t very manful of me to behave like this, I know, but it is really the way I feel, and the way I believe and hope you feel. I love you more deeply than I can understand. This is the first and the last time I will ever fall in love like this, and, believe me, it is the last time we will ever part the way we did [today].
Three days later, Wilson was in Honolulu, marveling at the “incredible paradise” after wintertime Boston, and waiting for a flight to Fiji. With a stop to refuel on Kanton Island, a mid-Pacific curl of atoll with a six-thousand-foot World War II runway, his flight crossed the International Date Line and the equator and arrived at Viti Levu, the largest of Fiji’s more than three hundred islands, at noon on the first day of December.
“Never before or afterward in my life,” Wilson wrote later of that arrival, “have I felt such a surge of high expectation—of pure exhilaration—as in those few minutes…. I carried no high-technology instruments, only a hand lens, forceps, specimen vials, notebooks, quinine, sulfanilamide, youth, desire, and unbounded hope.” His real high-tech instrument was his brain, his heart its engine. Eager to begin, he hired a car and driver to carry him directly into the island interior, where, in lush forest, he spent the last hour of the day collecting.
“I am really in a foreign country now,” he wrote Irene early the next morning, before heading back to the forest for the day. The Fijians, he teased, “gave up cannibalism some time ago,” but those in the interior “still live rather primitively in grass huts.” A man he had met who had known one of the last cannibals on the island had passed on the Fijian’s assessment that “human flesh was salty, not as tasty as pig.”
Wilson collected that day in mountain forest in hard rain, climbing steep slopes through tangled undergrowth, and returned to his hotel “soaked and dog-tired.” Fiji had been depleted of wild nature by logging and settlement and previously studied in depth by his predecessor William M. Mann; he wouldn’t linger there. With the autograph of the chief of the Raki-Raki tribe—well-educated, in a torn T-shirt—mailed off to Irene for safekeeping, the young biologist departed Fiji by flying boat for New Caledonia the following morning. “I want to share everything I gain on this trip with you,” he wrote his fiancée before he left, “and I sort of feel that I am undertaking every new adventure for you as well as for myself.”
James Cook, the British navigator, discovered New Caledonia in September 1774, on his second voyage of exploration. An island about the size of New Jersey, some seven thousand square miles, but long, narrow, and mountainous, it reminded Cook of his native Scotland—“Caledonia” to the Romans—and so he named it. “It will prove at least 40 or 50 leagues [120–150 miles] long,” observed his onboard naturalist, Johann Forster, “& is therefore the greatest new Tropical Island we have hitherto seen.” Some nine hundred miles northeast of Australia, it was in fact the third-largest island in the Pacific, after New Guinea and New Zealand. The French seized it from the British in 1853 and used it as a penal colony for both men and women until the end of the nineteenth century. During World War II, it hosted some fifty thousand Allied troops; the U.S. warships that fought the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942 had been harbored there.
New Caledonia would be Wilson’s favorite Pacific island. French colonials and indigenes alike were friendly, and no professional had ever collected ants there. Wilson arrived on Saturday, 5 December 1954; by the next evening, he had already made two field trips, one to a valley forest outside the capital, Nouméa, a second to a nearby mountain.
Monday, 6 December, he stayed in town to go over his first day’s collection. He found, to his delight, that he already had three or four new species. “My work here will no doubt have fabulous results,” he wrote Irene. “I expect to double the known number of New Caledonian ants.” He’d found his way as well to the New Caledonian Institut Français d’Océanie—the French Institute of Oceania—introduced himself, and worked in its entomological laboratory. New Caledonia was “relaxed and easy,” he added, “with none of the British snap and discipline evident on Fiji.” The place put him “in fine spirits” except for the high prices, running twice what he’d budgeted. Those he attributed to bad French management: “The reason for the high prices is that the French have a stagnated, unprogressive economy and little imagination to devote to the welfare of the colony.”
He spent the next day working with a borrowed microscope in the lab at the Institut Français, preparing his new specimens, buoyed by a week’s worth of letters from Irene that had arrived all in one batch that morning. He’d arranged them to read in chronological order. “It wasn’t too hard setting my mind back a week as I read what you were thinking from day to day,” he wrote her. “It made me very happy and carried me back to you in Boston in a very real fashion for a little while.” With the last of the letters, Irene had enclosed her photograph. It showed how pretty she was, he told her, and promised her he would carry it with him everywhere and “show it to every Frenchman, lizard, and butterfly I can buttonhole.” He apologized for not calling her before he left the United States; he’d felt miserable, he wrote, and knew he’d have “broken down” had he called. Now, a week out, he was “feeling much better and…remembering all the happy hours and days we had together and forgetting the really few hours of sadness [when they separated].” Then he had to break away from letter writing—there were French scientists walking around the table where he was writing, and it made him self-conscious. He quickly signed off, “All my deepest love.”
