Neruda, page 59
The sympathies of the U.S. ambassador: Jackson, Gabriel. The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), 256.
The U.S. Congress had just passed: Ibid.
The act didn’t prohibit oil: Anderson, James. The Spanish Civil War: A History and Reference Guide (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003), 93.
Lorca’s brother-in-law: Stainton, Lorca, 444–445.
One night he dreamed: Ibid., 448.
a young, devout Catholic guard: Testimony of the guard, José Jover Tripaldi, among other sources in Gibson, Ian. El asesinato de García Lorca (Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 1997), 243.
“But I haven’t done anything!”: Stainton, Lorca, 454.
Before the sun rose: Ibid.
“Ode to Federico García Lorca”: “Oda a Federico García Lorca,” Residence on Earth II.
“This criminal act”: CHV, 532.
“The news of his death”: Bizzarro, Salvatore. Pablo Neruda: All Poets the Poet (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1979), 142.
“He’s done more damage with a pen”: Stainton, Lorca, 452.
“The truth is Lorca”: Buñuel, My Last Sigh, 158.
European governments were aware: Anderson, Spanish Civil War, 85.
The Nationalist army’s plan: López Fernández, Antonio. Defensa de Madrid (Mexico: A. P. Marquez, 1945), 134–135. “Street by street and house by house” phrasing taken from Jackson, Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 322.
“They have not died!”: “Canto a las madres de los milicanos muertos” [“Song for the Mothers of Dead Militiamen”], Mono azul, September 24, 1936, later included in Spain in the Heart and Third Residence. Translated by Jessica Powell.
“soldiers were working”: Letter from Manuel Altolaguirre to José Antonio, November 1941, on the “occasion of the third printing of España en el corazón.” Available in Neruda, Selección, 321–322.
This image might be too romantic: Moran, Dominic. Pablo Neruda (London: Reaktion Books, 2009), 85.
“sacred verses for us”: Alberti, Rafael. “Testimonios sobre Neruda,” Aurora, nos. 3–4 (July–December 1964).
no one’s call for foreign help: Sanders, David. “Ernest Hemingway’s Spanish Civil War Experience,” American Quarterly 12, no. 2 (Summer 1960): 133.
“Since I had seen them last”: Hemingway, Ernest. “Hemingway Reports Spain,” New Republic, January 11, 1938. Accessed at http://www.newrepublic.com/article/95915/hemingway-reports-spain.
Hemingway’s articles became: Sanders, “Ernest Hemingway’s Spanish Civil War Experience,” 139.
After the screening: Tierney, Dominic. FDR and the Spanish Civil War: Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle That Divided America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), 34–35.
Some have noted that the novel: LaPrade, Douglas Edward. Hemingway and Franco (Valencia, Spain: Universitat de València, 2007), 181.
The bombing by Junkers: Jackson, Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 320.
On November 17: Gibson, Federico García Lorca, 310–332.
“I can no longer write”: Author interview with Ariel Dorfman, 2004.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: I PICKED A ROAD
“Meeting Under New Flags”: “Reunión bajo las nuevas banderas,” OC, 1:1198. Translated by Jessica Powell. The poem was written in 1940, seven years before Third Residence was published, placing it out of the context in which it was written.
“I don’t want anything except”: APNF, and OC, 5:976–977.
Neruda wrote to the Ministry: Letter dated December 23, 1936, APNF.
“My dear friend”: Letter dated January 31, 1937, APNF.
“embodied the dazzling energy”: Inside-cover flap copy for Gordon, Lois. Nancy Cunard: Heiress, Muse, Political Idealist (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).
“I have wanted to bring”: Speech entitled “Federico García Lorca,” OC, 4:393.
“To my American friends”: Neruda, Pablo. “To My American Friends,” Nuestra España (Paris), March 9, 1937. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (Berlin: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2003), 1:280–281.
The next day, Neruda received: Letter dated March 10, 1937, APNF.
“Here is something I can do”: Sharpe, Tony. W. H. Auden in Context (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 4.
Neruda, it seems, may have: Reyes, Enigma de Malva Marina, 152. No documents exist that can attest to whether he did visit them.
No matter what, his position: Ibid.
spreading terror: Preston, Paul. The Destruction of Guernica (London: HarperPress, 2012), Kindle location 12.
cities into dust and ash: Ibid., Kindle location 161. According to Preston, citing German lieutenant colonel Wolfram von Richthofen’s diary, rebel and German leaders were sufficiently frustrated by the slowness of the advance to talk again of reducing Bilbao to “debris and ash.”
Mondays are market days: Jackson, Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 380.
on Monday, April 26, 1937: Preston, Destruction of Guernica, Kindle location 184–237.
Chilean Intellectual Workers Union: The full name of the union was Sindicato Profesional de Trabajadores Intelectuales de Chile.
The fact that Huidobro cofounded: De Costa, “Sobre Huidobro y Neruda,” 381.
“motives of discord”: Ibid., 381–382.
“our dog Flak appeared”: Bizzarro, Pablo Neruda, 144.
“War is as whimsical”: CHV, 542.
“Fraternity this great”: Aznar Soler, Manuel, and Luis Mario Schneider. II Congreso Internacional de Escritores para la Defensa de la Cultura: Valencia-Madrid-Barcelona-Paris, 1937, vol. 3 (Valencia, Spain: Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Ciència, 1987), 262.
“I’m not a communist; I’m an anti-fascist”: Letter dated August 3, 1937, APNF.
“I am not a communist. Nor a socialist”: Morales Alvarez, Raúl. “Habla Neruda: El arte de mañana será un quemante reportaje hecho a la actualidad,” Ercilla, November 12, 1937. Quoted in Carson, Morris E. Pablo Neruda: Regresó el caminante (Aspectos sobresalientes en la obra y la vida de Pablo Neruda) (Madrid: Plaza Mayor, 1971), 87.
Maruca wrote a letter to Trinidad: Reyes, Enigma de Malva Marina, 153.
“This is la Hormiga”: Sáez, La Hormiga, 123.
“She was a charming, cultured woman”: Muñoz, Memorias, 216.
he would have risked expulsion: Author correspondence with José Miguel Varas, March 13, 2006.
“Writers of Every Country”: Frente Popular (Santiago), November 9, 1937. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2008), 1:356.
“the open house is yet”: Sáez, La Hormiga, 125.
they bought the house: Vidal, Virginia. Hormiga pinta caballos: Delia del Carril y su mundo (1885–1989) (Santiago: RIL Editores, 2006), 69.
Shortly after their return to Chile: Sáez, La Hormiga, 127.
“my dear Hormiga of my soul”: Undated letter, APNF.
“Why are you so twisted?”: Aguirre, Margarita. Las vidas de Pablo Neruda (Santiago: Zig-Zag, 1967), 44.
“Enemies of the motherland”: Neruda, Pablo. “Pablo Neruda el 1. de mayo del presente año en la casa del pueblo, de nuestra ciudad, dijo,” La voz radical (Temuco), July 2, 1938. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2008), 1:375.
“The Father”: “El padre,” Memorial de Isla Negra.
Marín noted that the night: Aguirre, Las vidas de Pablo Neruda, 43.
“tied in knots”: Neruda, Pablo. “Algo sobre mi poesía y mi vida,” Aurora, no. 1 (July 1954). Available in OC, 4:930–931.
He adopted a new, humble tone: Moran, Pablo Neruda, 85, including highlighting the roles of baker, carpenter, and miner.
“The More-Mother”: “La mamadre,” Memorial de Isla Negra.
Neruda’s “uncle” Orlando: Letter dated November 16, 1945; from author’s correspondence with Patricio Mason, 2017; and Mason, “History of the Mason Family in Chile.”
Franco launched a final: Jackson, Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 463.
“There are 1,600 intellectuals”: APNF.
Aguirre Cerda received Neruda warmly: CHV, 550.
President Aguirre Cerda signed: The order is in document #18, 1939, APNF.
“the noblest mission”: CHV, 550.
Delia had already been working: Sáez, La Hormiga, 132.
“An Autograph of Pablo Neruda”: Neruda, Pablo. “Un autógrafo de Pablo Neruda,” Aurora de Chile, July 4, 1939.
Neruda and Delia arrived in France: Sáez, La Hormiga, 131.
“The government and political situation”: CHV, 550–551.
When Aguirre Cerda gave: Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2003), 1:372–379.
The French Communist Party: Among other sources, ibid., 1:374.
In the beginning of June: Neruda, Pablo. “Se estarían haciendo gestiones para la traída a Chile de miles de refugiados españoles,” La Hora, June 8, 1939. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas, 1:428.
“Information in the press informs”: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile, Archivo General Histórico. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas, 1:375. Like other diplomatic communications, this was uncovered by the meticulous scholar Dr. David Schidlowsky in the previously classified archives of the ministry.
“was fuming at”: Bizzarro, Pablo Neruda, 144.
1,297 males: “Clasificación de los españoles que trae a bordo el ‘Winnipeg,’” La Hora, August 17, 1939. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2008), 1:438.
Chile’s “foremost poet”: “1,600 Refugee Spaniards Due in Chilean Haven This Month,” New York Tribune, August 6, 1939.
“2,078 Spanish Refugees”: “2,078 Spanish Refugees on a 93-Passenger Ship,” New York Times, August 22, 1939.
“Unexpectedly, the arrival”: Letter dated October 2, 1939, APNF.
“With marks of joy”: “To Live Again,” APNF. From Cunard, Nancy. “To Live Again,” March 26, 1940.
“The change could not have been”: Sáez, La Hormiga, 133.
“media reports embarkment”: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile, Archivo General Histórico. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2003), 1:389.
Destitute, Maruca had placed: Feinstein, Adam. Pablo Neruda: A Passion for Life (London: Bloomsbury, 2004), 165.
“My dear Pig”: APNF.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: AMÉRICA
“The Heights of Macchu Picchu”: Canto XI, Canto General. My translation builds upon earlier versions by John Felstiner and Stephen Kessler.
“The people of America”: “Llena de Grandeza es la página más reciente de Neruda,” Qué hubo, January 2, 1940. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2003), 1: 392–393, and Olivares Briones, Edmundo. Pablo Neruda: Los caminos de América (Santiago: LOM Ediciones, 2004), 23.
“Almost never before had we”: Ibid.
“Delia’s role was to support”: Sáez, La Hormiga, 135.
On June 19, Neruda received: APNF.
On August 21, 1940: According to a Ministry of Foreign Affairs communication by Neruda, document #176. Available in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2003), 1:408.
His assassination was the culmination: Haynes, John E., and Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2000), 250.
In a 2004 article: Schwartz, Stephen. “Bad Poet, Bad Man: A Hundred Years of Pablo Neruda,” Weekly Standard, July 26, 2004.
In a 2006 commentary: Kamm, Oliver. “Why Grass Deserves to Have His Writing Hurled Back in His Face,” London Times, August 19, 2006.
Neruda claimed he never saw: Interview in Marcha (Montevideo), September 17, 1971. Available in OC, 5:1201.
In 1944, the U.S. intelligence: Memo ref. no. 3/NBF/T800, December 7, 1956, Venona Project, NSA. Available at https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/venona/dated/1944/assets/files/11may_neruda.pdf.
His explanation to authorities: Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 277.
“Pablo Neruda, a fugitive”: Letter dated September 25, 1940, APNF.
where they set up a small: Letter from Neruda to Minister of Foreign Affairs Ernesto Barros Jarpa, April 22, 1942, APNF. Quoted in Neruda, Epistolario viajero, 175.
Sometimes he would dress: Toledo, Víctor. El águila en las venas: Neruda en México, México en Neruda, 2nd ed. (Puebla, Mexico: BUAP-Dirección de Fomento Editorial, 2005), 74.
The largest fiesta: Sáez, La Hormiga, 138.
“the lyrical and subterranean accent”: Cantón, Wilberto. Posiciones (México: Imprenta Universitaria, 1950), 91.
“Between blue Acapulco”: Ibid., 96–97.
“Señor Reyes is developing”: Quoted by Neruda in his letter to Ernesto Barros Jarpa, April 22, 1942, APNF, and in Neruda, Epistolario viajero, 175.
“bad taste”: CHV, 576.
In or around April: From Delia del Carril’s testimony in Bizzarro, Pablo Neruda, 144.
“I want to know, dear Carlos”: APNF.
The travels also eased his relationship: Sáez, La Hormiga, 138.
“The United Fruit Co.”: “La United Fruit Co.,” translated by Jack Hirschman in Neruda, The Essential Neruda.
“to carry a sense”: Hass, Little Book on Form, 331.
knowing how desperate he was: Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2003), 1:436.
The short reports from: “Chilean’s ‘Viva Roosevelt’ Stirs Nazi Riot in Mexico” (United Press), New York Times, December 29, 1941; “Pro-Nazi Attack Case Probed in Mexico City” (AP), Baltimore Sun, December 30, 1941.
Neruda received hundreds of telegrams: Letter dated December 31, 1941, APNF.
That night they sang: Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2003), 1:452.
“I cannot solve the problem”: Hooks, Margaret. Tina Modotti: Photographer and Revolutionary (New York: Da Capo Press, 2000), 104. (As written in a letter to her partner Edward Weston: “I cannot—as you once proposed to me—‘solve the problem of life by losing myself in the problem of art.’”
“Tina Modotti Is Dead”: “Tina Modotti ha muerto,” Third Residence. 299 “unforgivable error”: Contreras, Jaime Perales. “Clash of Literary Titans,” Americas, July–August 2008.
“You have been an accomplice”: Paz, Octavio. Epilogue to Laurel: Antología de la poesía moderna en lengua española, comp. Emilio Prados, Xavier Villaurrutia, Juan Gil-Albert, and Octavio Paz, 2nd ed. (Mexico: Editorial Trillas, 1986), 489.
not yet an important literary figure: As told by Mexican poet Homero Aridjis in conversation with author, 2017.
“To Miguel Hernández”: “A Miguel Hernández, asesinado en los presidios de España,” Canto general.
he takes a swipe at Bergamín: Pointed out in Contreras, “Clash of Literary Titans.”
“The authors had included”: Prados, Emilio, Xavier Villaurrutia, Juan Gil-Albert, and Octavio Paz, comps. Laurel: Antología de la poesía moderna en lengua español (Mexico: Editorial Seneca, 1941), 1134.
“There was a change after that”: This epilogue was not printed in the original 1941 edition. Paz, epilogue to Laurel (1986), 488.
uncharacteristically drunk: Contreras, “Clash of Literary Titans.”
At one point: As the Mexican poet Alí Chumacero recounted to his fellow poet Homero Aridjis, who recounted the tale (up until Delia’s reaction) to author in correspondence, 2017.
As he said his good-byes: Contreras, “Clash of Literary Titans.”
“I don’t know what”: Larrea, Juan. Del surrealismo a Machu Picchu (Mexico: Joaquín Mortiz, 1967), 114.
“Song to Stalingrad”: “Canto a Stalingrado,” Third Residence.
“New Love Song for Stalingrad”: “Nuevo canto de amor a Stalingrado,” Third Residence.
Reviewing the first English: Bracker, Milton. Book review of Residence on Earth, by Pablo Neruda, New York Times, January 26, 1947.
The ad for the event: New York Times, February 12, 1943.
“wisely published in Spanish and English”: Ibid.
“international fraternity”: Zegri, Armando. “Pablo Neruda debuta en Nueva York,” La Hora, March 15, 1943.
“will definitely be in Chile’s interest”: “Ahora será possible establecer relaciones con la URSS, dice Neruda: Declaraciones a la prensa EE.UU.,” El Siglo, February 15, 1943. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2008), 1:546.
“the outstanding Spanish poet”: “Tea Honors Two Writers from Chile,” Washington Post, March 4, 1943.
“Señora Neruda advises”: Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2003), 1:578.
Two months later, Neruda received: Ibid.
“angelic poet of rebellion”: Written in a picture Lorca drew of Sánchez Ventura, quoted in “Rafael Sánchez Ventura,” Fundación Ramón y Katia Acín, http://www.fundacionacin.org/index.php/ramon/detalle_personaje/29/. A section of Lorca’s book Poet in New York, “Introduction to Death: Poems of Solitude in Vermont,” is dedicated to Sánchez Ventura.
In 1940, he sent: Fisher, Bill. “Pablo Neruda in the Heart of the Library of Congress,” video, 52 minutes. Available at http://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=7046.
“In spite of the fact that I”: Letter dated May 26, 1943, APNF.
His lawyers printed a legal notice: Periodico oficial (Cuernavaca, Morelos), May 3, 1942. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2008), 1:532.
in the charming pueblo of Tetecala: Sáez, La Hormiga, 140.
He announced that he had found: Bizzarro, Pablo Neruda, 138.
“As the consul general of Chile”: “Neruda dice que no acostumbra retracarse de sus actos,” Excelsior (Mexico City), June 22, 1943. Quoted in Cantón, Posiciones, 101.
From the high plateaus: Some terminology from de Costa, Poetry of Pablo Neruda, 114.
At the beginning of the epic: Ibid.
“América, I Don’t Invoke Your Name in Vain”: “América, no invoco tu nombre en vano,” Canto general.
“the agronomists and painters”: Quoted in Cantón, Posiciones, 103–104.
“Señor Pablo Neruda, Chilean”: Paz, Octavio. “Respuesta a un cónsul,” Letras de México, August 15, 1943. Quoted in Schidlowsky, Las furias y las penas (2003), 1:491.
Ambassador Óscar Schnake wrote: Letter by Schnake to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, August 30, 1943, APNF.
