Understanding Gender Dysphoria, page 23
5“Belong, Believe, Become,” The Surprising God (blog), August 31, 2008, http://thesurprisinggodblog.gci.org/2008/08/belong-believe-behave.html.
6Ibid.
7Mark A. Yarhouse and Trista L. Carr, “MtF Transgender Christians’ Experiences: A Qualitative Study,” Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling 6, no. 1 (2012): 26.
8Cressida Heyes, “Identity Politics,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (spring 2012): http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/identity-politics. Heyes goes on to note: “What is crucial about the ‘identity’ of identity politics appears to be the experience of the subject, especially his or her experience of oppression and the possibility of a shared and more authentic or self-determined alternative. Thus identity politics rests on unifying claims about the meaning of politically laden experiences to diverse individuals.”
9Ibid.
10Richard A. Carroll, “Gender Dysphoria and Transgender Experiences,” in Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, 4th ed., ed. S. R. Leiblum (New York: Guilford, 2007), pp. 477-508.
Index
(Page numbers refer to print edition.)
Ackley, Heath Adam, 145
androgen insensitivity syndrome, 18, 39, 87
androgyny, 18, 64
As Nature Made Him, 87
Augustine, 45
behavioral therapy, 103, 104
biological sex, 16-17, 18, 22, 31-32, 36, 39, 47, 50, 57, 62-63, 67, 116, 121, 137, 150-51, 153, 155
Blanchard, Ray, 73-76, 82, 95-97, 98, 118-19
Blanchard’s typology, 74-76, 82, 95-98
androphilic, 96, 98, 118-19, 122
autogynephilic, 98, 118-19, 122
limitations, 75-76
body dysmorphia, 119
Bouma III, Hessel, 35, 41, 47
Bradley, Susan L., 78
brain-sex theory, 67-74, 80, 82, 132-33
limitations, 72-74
neuroanatomic brain differences hypothesis, 68-72
prenatal hormonal hypothesis, 67-68
Brown, Nicola, 98-99
Butler, Judith, 50, 51
Calvin, John, 45
Carroll, Richard, 63-64, 97, 111-12
celibacy, 45
Christianity, 24, 29-60, 120, 125-26, 128, 134-35, 143-44, 146-61
church, 15-16, 25, 42-43, 54-57, 59, 116, 124, 133, 134-35, 138, 139, 140-45, 147, 150, 151-52, 154-59
covenant, 36-37, 39, 147-48
creation, 35-39, 41, 43-44, 47, 59
educational institutions, 145-46
glorification, 44-46
marriage, 36-38
ministry, 24, 26-27, 34, 38, 40, 52-53, 54, 136, 137-41, 147-61
morality, 45-46, 48-49, 121, 123-24, 130-31, 133-34, 138, 139, 141-44, 150
New Testament, 37, 39, 44-45
Old Testament, 37, 46-47
redemption, 38, 43-44, 45, 59-60, 141-43, 147, 152, 154-59
Scripture, 29-30, 31-35, 36, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46-47, 155
transgender, 26, 35, 47, 56-57, 63, 86-87, 125-26, 131, 133-143, 145-61
Chung, Wilson, 69
cisgender, 20, 66, 69, 132
cognitive theory, 76
Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T., 77-78
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 39, 68
conversion therapy, 26, 102
culture. See sociocultural context
cultural scripts. See gender identity
cross-dressing, 20, 30, 31, 32, 34, 63, 64-65, 74, 76, 77, 82, 85, 86, 87, 94-95, 97, 111, 112-13, 153-54
cross-gender identification, 26, 46, 47, 55, 62-63, 65, 69, 77, 82, 93-94, 102, 103, 105, 112-13, 118, 120, 133-34, 149
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), 14-15, 62, 76, 85-87, 89-90, 92, 98-99, 105, 117, 145
Diamond, Milton, 67, 70-71
Dickerson, Victoria C., 126
disability framework, 48-50, 53, 55, 82, 122, 123, 130-31, 133, 134, 136, 147, 149-51, 155, 160
disclosure, 137-41
prescriptive constraints, 128
proscriptive constraints, 138
diversity framework, 50-53, 54, 55, 57, 82, 122, 124, 127, 131, 132-33, 134, 136, 147, 149-50, 155, 160
drag king, 20-21, 63, 64, 82, 95, 99
drag queen, 20, 63, 64, 82, 95, 99
Drescher, Jack, 106
employers. See occupational setting
environmental factors, 16, 17
eunuch, 31-34, 35
Evangelical Alliance Policy Commission, 31-32
female-to-male, 20, 64, 65, 72, 74, 95-98, 118, 119, 125-26, 145, 158
Foucault, Michael, 51
gender, 16-17, 35-39, 44-45, 50, 76, 85-86, 121, 150-51, 155, 157
assigned, 87
gender bending, 16, 20, 65, 85, 147
gender drag, 16
gender dysphoria, 14, 16, 19, 20, 25, 30, 34, 41, 44, 47, 58-60, 61-83, 77, 85-87, 88, 105, 111-19, 121-22, 125-26, 127, 128, 134, 138-39, 145, 149, 153-54, 158, 159
prevalence, 92-96, 104-5
gender identity, 16-22, 22-23, 25, 36, 40, 41, 44-45, 51, 57-58, 71, 76, 77-78, 85-100, 106, 111, 120, 128, 129-30, 131-32, 136-37, 138, 145, 149-50, 153, 157
gender identity disorder. See gender dysphoria
gender incongruence, 22, 58-59, 62, 64, 67, 72, 80, 85, 101-2, 109, 115, 116, 119, 128, 132-33
gender role, 17, 37-38, 51, 57
genderfluid, 20, 42, 64, 99, 147, 151
genderqueer, 20, 42, 99
genetic. See biological sex
Gooren, Eric J., 77-78
Hamburger, Christian, 13
hermaphrodite, 18
homosexuality, 46, 47, 74, 93, 96, 105, 110, 131
hormonal treatments, 20, 62, 63, 64, 69, 72, 90-91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 110, 113, 116, 119, 120, 146, 153
integrated framework, 53-57, 82, 122-23, 160
integrity framework, 46-48, 53-54, 59, 82, 122-23, 130, 134, 136, 147, 149-51, 155, 156, 160
intersex, 17-18, 21, 35, 36, 38, 49, 50-51, 62, 70, 86-87, 90, 99, 116-17
Kimber, James T., 95
Kinnaman, David, 23-24
Klinefelter syndrome, 18, 39
Kohlberg, Lawrence, 76
Kruijver, Frank, 69
Lawrence, Anne, 97, 119, 122
Lev, Arlene I., 114-16
Looy, Heather, 38, 41, 47, 49
Luther, Martin, 45
male-to-female, 20, 55, 56, 64, 65, 68, 69, 72, 74, 75-76, 95-98, 115, 118, 120, 146, 149
marriage, 23-24, 32, 34, 37, 44, 45, 66, 78, 102, 112, 128
Mazur, Tom, 116
McHugh, Paul R., 120-21
mental health, 44, 48, 65, 77-78, 85-86, 90-91, 93, 98-99, 106, 108, 110-11, 113, 115, 116, 120-21, 122, 143, 145-46, 153-54, 160
Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F.L., 76-77, 104
moral, 24
narrative therapy, 126-41
attributional search, 130-31
mapping conflicts, 127-30
multi-tier distinction, 136-37
Nemecek, Julie, 145
neural mapping, 37
occupational setting, 15
O’Donovan, Oliver, 41, 43, 44, 144
Olson, Johanna, 106, 110
primary sex characteristics, 17, 18, 57, 71, 86, 89-90, 95, 107-9, 117, 133
psychodynamic therapy, 103
psychosocial development, 70, 76-80
multifactorial models, 76-80
psychosocial intervention, 26, 106-7, 119
puberty suppression, 26, 102-3, 107-9, 110
revelation
general, 49
special, 49
Roberts, Christopher, 38, 45
secondary sex characteristics, 17, 18, 57, 71, 86, 89-90
sex-reassignment stages, 114-16
sex-reassignment surgery, 13-14, 25, 30, 47, 62, 63, 64, 90-91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117-18, 120-22, 146, 153
sexual abuse, 77
sexual identity, 9, 11, 16, 36, 120
sexual minority, 16, 24, 30, 40, 56, 63, 65-66, 74, 93, 94, 96-97, 105, 131, 146-47, 150
sexual self-restraint, 34
sexuality, 24, 35-46, 157
erotic (fetish), 36, 39, 40, 64, 74, 75, 82, 85, 94, 97, 112-13
genital, 36, 39, 58-59
sin, 35, 37, 39-43, 46, 47, 48-50, 58-60, 82, 130-31, 133-34, 141, 147-50
social learning theory, 76, 103, 104
sociocultural context, 13-15, 22, 23-24, 30, 34-35, 38-39, 41-43, 47, 50-53, 58, 63, 65-66, 93, 100, 104, 115, 116, 126-27, 131, 143-44, 146, 150-51, 152-53, 154, 156, 157
Spack, Norman, 107
Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, 113-14, 116, 119
Steensma, Thomas D., 88-89, 105
stereotypes, 25
Stoller, Robert J., 76
substance use, 22
temptation, 37
theological anthropology, 38
theology, 34-35, 43-44, 45, 46-48, 58, 145, 155-57
third gender, 20. See also third sex
third sex, 20, 43, 63
transgender, 16, 19-21, 25, 35, 42, 50, 55, 63-66, 92-93, 94-95, 99-100, 108, 121, 125-26, 131-33, 134-37, 145-61
transsexual, 20, 46, 47, 51, 63, 69, 70, 72, 74-76, 96-97, 106, 115, 118-19
transvestism, 21, 63, 97, 98, 99
Tushnet, Eve, 40
Veale, Jaime F., 77
watchful waiting, 105-6
Williamson, Kevin D., 121
Zhou, Jiang-Ning, 69, 72
Zimmerman, J. L., 126
Zucker, Kenneth J., 62, 78, 82, 91, 93-94, 98-99
CAPS is a vibrant Christian organization with a rich tradition. Founded in 1956 by a small group of Christian mental health professionals, chaplains and pastors, CAPS has grown to more than 2,100 members in the U.S., Canada and more than 25 other countries.
CAPS encourages in-depth consideration of therapeutic, research, theoretical and theological issues. The association is a forum for creative new ideas. In fact, their publications and conferences are the birthplace for many of the formative concepts in our field today.
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CAPS is a non-profit, member-supported organization. It is led by a fully functioning board of directors, and the membership has a voice in the direction of CAPS.
CAPS is more than a professional association. It is a fellowship, and in addi-tion to national and international activities, the organization strongly encourages regional, local and area activities which provide networking and fellowship op-portunities as well as professional enrichment.
To learn more about CAPS, visit www.caps.net.
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For more information about CAPS Books, visit InterVarsity Press’s website at www.ivpress.com/cgi-ivpress/book.pl/code=2801.
Praise for Understanding Gender Dysphoria
“This work is a tour de force. With his unique combination of Christian evangelical theological sophistication, clinical sensitivity and compassion, and scientific acumen and mastery, Yarhouse establishes in this compelling book why he is the most important voice reflecting on the complex challenges of sexuality today.”
Stanton L. Jones, provost and professor of psychology, Wheaton College
“Understanding Gender Dysphoria is a deeply practical and timely book. Many of the variables surrounding the transgender community are nuanced and intense, yet completely unknown to the evangelical world. Mark provides helpful working knowledge of key terms, concepts and relevant issues. And with humility and great care he directly addresses how individual Christians and the broader evangelical church can respond. Although this book is academic in nature, it should be required reading for all church leadership. This is my new go-to book for the Marin Foundation’s work with evangelicals on the topic. Mark’s research must be paid attention to.”
Andrew Marin, author of Love Is an Orientation
“This book is a must-read for pastors, educators and those who want to engage the cultural discussion around human sexuality. Yarhouse is a first-rate scholar, educator and therapist who also loves Jesus and Scripture. He deeply cares for people and the church. His approach to this complex topic is not to tell the reader what to think, but to teach the reader, who then can wisely discern how to apply the information to their particular context. This book educates so that people can lead wisely, pastor compassionately and build community that lives out the great commandment to love God and others.”
Shirley V. Hoogstra, president, Council for Christian Colleges & Universities
“I deeply respect the work that Mark Yarhouse has done in this field and have benefited greatly from his thinking.”
Bill Hybels, senior pastor, Willow Creek Community Church
“It’s hard to keep up with current words and acronyms for sexuality and gender, much less understand what they really mean. Even more challenging is evaluating and engaging these issues from a Christian perspective. Thank God—literally and truly—for Dr. Mark Yarhouse! Yarhouse articulates a goal many Christians will quickly claim as their own: to rise above political and ideological battles to provide ministry, pastoral support and compassionate care to all persons. Yarhouse helps us begin to put this ideal into practice by explaining gender dysphoria, transgender, and gender normativity and non-normativity, based on stories, professional counseling experience and research, some conducted by him and his graduate students. He treats all persons equally, asking of us all, ‘How does gender permeate our lives—and how should it?’ His voice is clear and serious, his perspective well-informed and studious, and his heart pastoral and concerned for the well-being of individual persons, especially those who seek support and community within Christian churches. If you’ve wondered how Christians and churches can support people with gender dysphoria who are seeking a meaningful story, lifeway and community, read this book!”
Jenell Paris, professor of anthropology, Messiah College
“Speaking as a pastor to church leaders, I enthusiastically commend my friend Dr. Mark Yarhouse for his unflinching courage, heartfelt compassion, biblical loyalty and rigorous scholarship in addressing the painfully complex and controversial issue of gender dysphoria. This book is an exquisite gift of understanding that I believe is absolutely essential to the church’s crafting of ministry to hurting people that reflects the grace and love of Jesus. Unwrap and use it as soon as possible!”
Andrew McQuitty, author of Notes from the Valley
“Mark Yarhouse has written yet another important contribution to the church’s discussion about LGBTQ issues, this time focusing specifically on questions related to transgender people. This book is informed by studious attention to the Bible, sound theological reasoning and deep psychological wisdom, all of which is sifted through a compassionate heart that wants to see people experience the deep love of Christ. This book is a must read for any Christian who wants to think Christianly about what it means to be transgender. Mark’s pastoral posture and commitment to biblical truth is a model for every evangelical Christian.”
Preston M. Sprinkle, vice president, Eternity Bible College Boise extension
About the Author
Mark A. Yarhouse (Psy.D., Wheaton College) is professor of psychology and Hughes Chair of Christian Thought in Mental Health Practice at Regent University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. He is also a licensed clinical psychologist. His other books include Sexual Identity Synthesis: A Guide to Living in the Time Between the Times, coauthored with Lori A. Burkett, and Sexuality and Sex Therapy: A Comprehensive Christian Appraisal, coauthored with Erica S. N. Tan.
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