After Yorktown, page 44
4. Norton, 71-72; Barney, 112-113.
5. Barney, 3-5, 10-11, 26.
6. Norton, xxi-xxii.
7. John Trumbull, August 12, 1782, John Trumbull, Autobiography (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1841), 82, GB.
8. Gilpin, 54-56; Norton, 74-75; Barney, 113-114; Matthew Ridley to Franklin, June 10, 1782, FO.
9. EB, “Rogers, Josias,” 49:134-135; Gilpin, 24-38; EB, “Rogers, Josias,” 49:134-135.
10. Matthew Ridley to Franklin, June 10, 1782, FO; Barney, 113-114, 308.
11. Gilpin, 57-58.
12. Norton, 79; Gilpin, 57-58; Barney, 115, 308.
13. Clowes, 4:91; Johnson (1851), 132-133; Marley, 346; Lewis (1991), 33-34; Gerhard Spieler, “John Joyner: Early South Carolina naval figure,” Island Packet, June 5, 2001, http://www.lowcountrynewspapers.net/archive/node/123724.
14. Wise, 283; Eller, 205, 210, 234-235; Robert Armistead Stewart, The History of Virginia’s Navy of the Revolution (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1993), 128-130.
15. Eller, 235, 240-242; Wise, 278-283, 291.
16. Kellow; Eller, 241.
17. Cropper to William Davies, December 6, 1782, Wise, 298-299.
18. Wise, 243-244, 303-310; Wise, 302.
19. Eller, 381-383.
20. Isaac J. Greenwood Jr., “Cruizing on the Chesapeake in 1781,” Maryland Historical Magazine, 5:2, June 1910, 126-130.
21. William Paca to Washington, February 21, 1783, FO.
22. Greenwood, 17-18; Smith (1977), 5.
23. Greenwood, 17-18; Stephen Moylan to William Watson, December 13, 1775, Smith (1977), 13; Smith (1977), 14.
24. James Warren to Samuel Adams, July 5, 1778; Jones to Joseph Hewes, January 12, 1777, Smith (1977), 43, 45.
25. Smith (1977), 4, 89, 92; Manley to Franklin, June 4, 1781, BF.
26. Greenwood, 127.
27. Manley to Andrew Johannot and Francis Mulligan, January 26, 1783, Greenwood, 132.
28. Greenwood, 129, 139-142; Patton, 214; Selesky, 674.
29. “Duc de Lauzun,” Dictionary of American Fighting Ships, http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/d6/duc_de_lauzun.htm.
30. Griffin (1903), 220.
31. Clowes, 4:93; DNB, “Vashon, James,” 58:154-155.
32. John Kessler and March 20, 1783 Barry report, Griffin (1903), 221, 223.
33. J. Ralfe, The Naval Biography of Great Britain, vol. 3 (London: Whitemore and Fenn, 1828), 190-192.
34. Barry report, March 20, 1783, Griffin (1903), 221.
THIRTY-FIVE: “CALAMITY HAS COME ON US”
1. Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, Chartrand (2006), 13.
2. Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada Espaõla, Petrie, 194-195.
3. Express, November 19, 2013, http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/443937/GIBRALTAR-We-are-just-one-shot-away-from-military-conflict-warns-MP-amid-new-standoff; Coxe, 449; Gregory, 187.
4. William Carmichael to Franklin, October 25, 1780, FO; Cust, 346; Chartrand (2006), 20; Murray to Earl of Hillsborough, February 16, 1782, Remembrancer, 1:239.
5. Gregory, 188.
6. Chartrand (2006), 54-55; Gregory, 189; EB, “Murray, James,” 39:373-376.
7. John La Rivière account, Mahon, 400; Murray to Crillon; Crillon reply, October 16, 1782, Remembrancer, 1:126.
8. Murray to Viscount Hillsborough, November 12, 1781, Gregory, 189.
9. EB, “Murray, James,” 39:373-376; G. Peter Browne, “Murray, James,” DCB.
10. Browne, op. cit.
11. Murray to Lord Rochfort, November 20, 1774, Mahon, 381.
12. Murray to Weymouth, 1776, Mahon, 384; Murray, January 1779, Mahon, 387; Murray to Germain, January 13, 1779, Fortescue (1911), 305.
13. Mahon, 388, 395.
14. Gregory, 91; Mahon, 393; EB, “Murray, James,” 39:373-376.
15. Murray, December 28, 1781, Mahon, 403; Gregory, 191; Captain Dixon, January 9, 1782, Chartrand (2006), 55.
16. Gregory, 191-192.
17. Murray to Earl of Hillsborough, February 16, 1782, Remembrancer, 1:238-239.
18. Gregory, 193; EB, “Murray, James,” 39:373-376; Mahon, 436.
THIRTY-SIX: THE GREAT SIEGE OF GIBRALTAR
1. McGuffie, 196.
2. Drinkwater, 40, 45.
3. Gilbard, 51-52.
4. Gilbard, 46; Drinkwater, 26, 29.
5. Chartrand (2006), 33; McGuffie, 14.
6. Gilbard, 42-43.
7. Drinkwater, 1, 25, 41-42; Petrie, 186; Chartrand (2006), 33, 36.
8. DNB, “Eliott, George Augustus,” 17:195-196; McGuffie, 24-25.
9. Fortescue (1911), 421, 426; Chartrand (2006), 18; McGuffie, 25, 81-82, 89, 103, 108, 128
10. McGuffie, 101, 183.
11. McGuffie, 27, 41-44; Eliott to Lord Weymouth, April 10, 1778, Fortescue (1911), 305; Edward A. St. Germain, “Artillery,” http://www.americanrevolution.org/artillery.html; Fortescue (1911), 426.
12. Eliott to Lord Weymouth, January 8, 1780, Chartrand (2006), 37; McGuffie, 48.
13. Chartrand (2006), 42; McGuffie, 105.
14. Ancell, 129; McGuffie, 115, 142.
15. Eliott to Earl of Hillsborough, November 28, 1781, Remembrancer, 1:65-66; McGuffie, 119-124.
16. Drinkwater, 201.
17. Unnamed, February 28, 1782, Remembrancer, 1:265.
18. Chartrand (2006), 57.
19. Bernard Girard, “Jean Claude Eléonore le Michaud d’Arçon,” Racines Comtoises, http://www.racinescomtoises.net/?Jean-Claude-Eleonore-Le-Michaud-d; Cust, 347.
20. Chartrand (2006), 58.
21. Cust, 347; Mackesy, 482-483; McGuffie, 157.
22. Drinkwater, 236; Chartrand (2006), 58; Mackesy, 478.
23. Cust, 344; James, British Navy, 373; Chartrand (2006), 62-63; McGuffie, 156.
24. Crillon to Eliott, August 19, 1782, Petrie, 200.
25. Chartrand (2006), 61; Coxe, 463; Petrie, 201.
26. Drinkwater, 273.
27. Fortescue (1911), 422; Drinkwater, 275; Chartrand (2006), 66; Coxe, 464.
28. Ancell, 225-226.
29. Ancell, 222.
30. Chartrand (2006), 75-78; McGuffie, 159-160.
31. Ancell, 225-226.
32. Madrid Gazette, September, 24, 1782, Remembrancer, 2:300-301.
33. Capt. Roger Curtis to Stephens, September 15, 1782, Remembrancer, 2:357.
34. Coxe, 466.
35. Wraxall (1904), 363.
36. Wraxall (1904), 363-364; Barrow (1838), 402; Walpole, 44; Adm. Robert Stopford, Barrow (1838), 119; Comte de Garnier to Joseph Matthais Gérard de Rayneval, May 8, 1776, Gruber, 86.
37. Robert Pigot to Lord Percy, March 20, 1777, Gruber, 190.
38. Mason, 83-84, 110.
39. Nelson to Howe, January 8, 1799, Roger Knight, “Richard, Earl Howe,” Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century, eds. Peter Le Fevre and Richard Harding (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000), 279; Nelson to Rev. Dixon Hoste, June 22, 1795, Nicolas, 46.
40. DNB, “Howe, Richard,” 28:92-102.
41. Juan Antonio Jiménez Castro, “Córdoba y Córdoba, Luis de (1706–1796),” La Web de las Biografías, http://www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=cordoba-y-cordoba-luis-de.
42. Historians disagree on the convoy numbers. The low estimate: James, British Navy, 450-451.
43. James, British Navy, 376; Mason, 50.
44. McGuffie, 169, 174; Mackesy, 484 and n1.
45. Mahan, 232-233.
46. Chartrand (2006), 85; McGuffie, 181.
47. Chartrand (2006), 86.
48. Drinkwater, 340-343.
49. McGuffie, 195.
THIRTY-SEVEN: HYDER ALI: THE “MOST FORMIDABLE ENEMY”
1. Smith (1904), V.1.115
2. Munro, 25; World Health Organization, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1720/figure/pg69.f7/?report=objectonly.
3. Killion, 369
4. Mackesy, 496
5. Dupuy, 241-242; Wilks, I, 285
6. Ram Chandra Rao, Memoirs of Hyder and Tippoo (Madras: Simkins, 1849), 1n3, 33n3; Wilks, 1:246, 351; Fernandes, 21; Maistre, 33; B. L. Rice, Mysore and Coorg (Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1908), 22.
7. Maistre de la Tour, Maya Jasanoff, Edge of Empire (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 155.
8. Wilks, 3:514-520.
9. Fernandes, 47-48; Majumdar, 683.
10. Bowring, 113; Beatson, 5:330-331.
11. Debrett (1786), 389; Barrow (1807), 118.
12. Guillaume de Bellecombe to Antoine de Sartine, August 22, 1777, Das, 208.
13. Josias Du Pré to John Macpherson, Wraxall (1884), 128-129; Maistre, 15-16.
14. Wraxall (1884), 129; James Scurry, The Captivity, Sufferings, and Escape of James Scurry (London: Henry Fisher, 1824), 48-67; Debrett (1786), 365; Barrow (1807), 81.
15. Rev. Christian Friedrich Schwartz, Wilks, 1:576; Bowring, 109-110.
16. Manimugdha S. Sharma, “Evolution of Indian Military: From Panipat to Festubert,” Times of India, September 26, 2014, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Evolution-of-Indian-military-From-Panipat-to-Festubert/articleshow/43541983.cms; Munro, 122, 132; Macartney to Board of Directors, Barrow (1807), 97.
17. Burke, December 1, 1783, Burke, 423; Wraxall (1884), 126.
18. Fernandes, 61.
19. Ali, 178; Sen, 52.
20. Hyder to Thomas Rumbold, undated, Ali, 200.
21. Majumdar, 684.
THIRTY-EIGHT: COOTE AND HUGHES TO THE RESCUE
1. Killion, 103-106; Malleson, 5.
2. Mackesy, 495.
3. Wylly, 3-4, 12-15.
4. DNB, “Coote, Sir Eyre,” 12:159-160.
5. Wilks, 1:286, 408.
6. Hastings, 1779, Earl Stanhope, Lord Mahon, The Rise of Our Indian Empire (London: John Murray, 1876), 141; Wylly, 276.
7. Cust, 312.
8. Coote to Macartney, January 1, 1782, January 11, 1782, January 14, 1782, Wylly, 267-268; Coote to company leaders, November 29, 1781, Wylly, 254.
9. Fortescue (1911), 472-478.
10. Malleson, 6, 8-9; Richmond, 107-109; Mackesy, 496.
11. Das, 202, 204.
12. Richmond, 115-116; Dupuy, 246; Fortescue (1911), 473.
13. Coote to Macartney, June 11, 1782, Wylly, 424.
14. Beatson, 5:609.
15. John Campbell, Naval History of Great Britain . . . (London: John Stockdale, 1813), 342.
16. Richmond, 90-91.
17. Hugh Palliser to Lord Sandwich, August 11, 1773, Killion, 297; Richmond, 215.
18. Richmond, 262-263.
19. Cavaliero, 94; Suffren, Hickey, 55.
THIRTY-NINE: SUFFREN’S “LUST FOR ACTION”
1. Castries to Souillac and d’Orves, March 1, 1781, Killion, 467.
2. Count D’Estaing to Antoine de Sartine, March 1, 1780, Cavaliero, 45; Sartine to Louis XVI, 1779, Killion, 198.
3. Diary, November 6, 1816, Las Cases, 82-83.
4. Hickey, 51, 63-64.
5. Cavaliero, 24-25, 28.
6. Jean B. de La Varende, Suffren et Ses Ennemis (Paris: Ed. de Paris, 1948), 209; Emmanuel-Augustin-Dieudonné-Joseph, comte de Las Cases, Richmond, 141; Joseph Francois Gabriel Hennequin, Malleson, 77.
7. Biographical, Moran, 316, 318, 323; Cavaliero, 7-10, 26, 48; Malleson, 12; Killion, 200, 203-204, 265.
8. Suffren to Seillans, Killion, 196-198.
9. Suffren, letter, December 4, 1781, Cavaliero, 83-84.
10. François de Souillac to d’Orves, November 27, 1781, Killion, 280; Malleson, 19-20.
11. Cavaliero, 88.
12. Bouët Willaumez, Batailles de Terre et de Mar, Malleson, 77; Richmond, 140; Raoul Castex, Moran, 323; Cavaliero, 87.
13. Suffren to Castries, September 29, 1782, Killion, 436-437; Suffren to Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Blouin, April 4, 1782, Killion, 329-330.
FORTY: THE FINAL BATTLES
1. Hughes to Philip Stephens, April 4, 1782, Killion, 322; Malleson (1884), 23-24; Wilks, 2:375-376; Killion, 324-326.
2. Richmond, 206-207; Cavaliero, 133; Killion, 336; Souillac to Castries, June 18, 1782, Cavaliero, 134.
3. Schomberg, 2:110; Hughes: Richmond, 214, 222, 228; Malleson, 25-26; Wilks, 2:383; Killion, 392.
4. Laughton, 121; Suffren to Hannibal officers, July 19 and July 29, 1782, Schomberg, 2:122-123.
5. Munro, 261.
6. Jacques Trublet de la Villejégu, Laughton, 122-123.
7. Richmond, 246; Malleson, 36-39.
8. Hughes to Admiralty, October 20, 1782, Killion, 417.
9. Suffren to de Souillac, July 30, 1782, Malleson, 41-42.
10. Cavaliero, 165-169.
11. Surjit Mansingh, Historical Dictionary of India (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006), 126; G. B. [George Bruce] Malleson, History of the French in India (London: W. H. Allen, 1893), 262-263; Cavaliero, 129-131.
12. Suffren to Castries, July 31, 1782, Killion, 355; Cavaliero, 134-135.
13. Killion, 370-371.
14. Suffren to Bussy, July 30, 1782, Killion, 413.
15. Malleson, 49.
16. Killion, 425; Malleson, 55.
17. Killion, 434.
18. Richmond, 281.
19. Wilks, 2:396.
20. Mir Hussain Ali Khan Kirmani, Fernandes, 70-71.
21. Fernandes, 23; Wilks, 2:565-566; I. M. Muthanna, Tipu Sultan X’Rayed (Mysore: Usha Press, 1980); Debrett (1786), 488-489; V. Jalaja Sakthidasan, Tippu Sultan, a Fanatic? (Madras: Nithyananda Jothi Nilayam, 1990), 5; “A Tete a Tete with Bhagwan Gidwani,” Sindhishaan, http://www.sindhishaan.com/article/personalities/pers_05_01b.html; Kabir Kausar, The Secret Correspondence of Tipu Sultan (New Delhi: Light and Life Publishers, 1908); Bhagwan S. Gidwani, The Sword of Tipu Sultan, a best-selling, fact-based, fictional hagiography.
22. De Bussy, Journal, December 1782, Killion, 377.
23. Munro, 298-300.
24. Bussy to Suffren, April 10, 1783, Richmond, 347; Stuart to Hughes, Richmond, 342.
25. DNB, “Stuart, James,” 55:88.
26. Richmond, 343-344; Malleson, 63.
27. Malleson, 63-64.
28. Wilks, 2:436; Debrett (1786), 502-503; Richmond, 361.
29. Malleson, 70.
30. Killion, 476; Mackesy, 500; Richmond, 371; Malleson, 70-72.
31. Cavaliero, 237.
32. Stuart to Select Committee at Madras, June 25, 1783, Political Magazine . . . for the Year M, DCC, LXXXIV, 6:12, 1784, GB.
33. Malleson, 73-74.
34. Suffren, 282.
35. Gower to Philip Carteret, January 18 or 25, 1784, Cavaliero, 238.
36. Sen, 53; Majumdar, 685.
37. Malleson, 75; Suffren to Vergennes, October 15, 1783, Cavaliero, 240; Suffren to Seillans, September 13, 1783, Cavaliero, 241.
38. May 16, 1785, Richmond, 379.
39. Moran, 325; Cavaliero, 253.
40. Telegraph, July 31, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/5940701/Tipu-Sultan-descendants-to-have-royal-status-restored.html.
41. DNB, “Stuart, James,” 55:88-89.
FORTY-ONE: NEW LEADER, OLD LEADER
1. George III to Germain, December 15, 1781, Nelson (2000), 137.
2. Biographical, Nelson (2000); Browne, “Carleton”; Germain to John Montagu, Earl of Sandwich, Mackesy, 76.
3. James Phinney Baxter, ed., The British Invasion from the North (Albany: Joel Munsell’s Sons, 1887), 156-157.
4. Walpole, 500; Browne, “Carleton.”
5. George III to North, December 13, 1776; December 15, 1781, Nelson (2000), 11-12.
6. Carleton to Charles Townsend, November 17, 1766, Nelson (2000), 40.
7. Shelburne to Carleton, April 4, 1782, DAR, 21:53-54.
8. Carleton to Washington, May 7, 1782, FO.
9. Carleton to Shelburne, May 14, 1782, DAR, 21:75; Schecter, 365.
10. Walpole, 501; Schaukirk, 441, 444.
11. Brown (1979), 87-89; Silas Wood, Ellis, 134-137.
12. Rodney to Germain, December 22, 1980, Joseph S. Tiedemann, “Patriots by Default: Queens County, New York, and the British Army, 1776-1783,” William and Mary Quarterly, 43:1, January 1986, 43.
13. Edwin G. Burrows, Forgotten Patriots (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 180, 186, 195, 200.
14. GW to Carleton, October 2, 1782; Carleton to GW, October 25, 1782, FO.
15. Carleton to Shelburne, June 18, 1782, DAR, 21:87.
16. Carleton to Washington, July 7, 1782, FO.
17. Young, 95.
18. Washington to Hamilton, March 4, 1783, FO.
19. John A. Nagy, Rebellion in the Ranks: Mutinies of the American Revolution (Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2007).
20. Washington to officers, March 15, 1783, FO; Samuel Shaw, The Journals of Maj. Samuel Shaw (Boston: Wm. Crosby and H. P. Nichols, 1847), 104, GB.
21. Young, 80.
22. Van Tyne, 205-206; Fowler (1960), 27.
23. Washington to Greene, August 6, 1782, October 17, 1782, FO.
24. Washington to Lafayette, October 20, 1782, FO.
FORTY-TWO: REFUGEES AND THE BOOK OF NEGROES
1. Todd Braisted, TOLIFALS, The On-line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com; Peckham, 94-99; John Robertson, Patrick O’Kelley, Ken Kellow, “Land and Sea Battles of the American Revolution,” http://www.revwar75.com/battles/index.htm.
2. Ward (2002), 108-111.
3. Ward (2002), 64-67.
4. Shelburne to Carleton, June 5, 1782, Fowler (2011), 112; Nelson (2000), 148; Carleton to Shelburne, August 14, 1782, DAR, 21:111; Carleton to Henry Seymour Conway, Browne, “Carleton.”
5. Carleton to Washington, August 2, 1782, FO.
6. William Smith, diary, Schecter, 367.
7. Schaukirk, 442.
8. Van Tyne, 327-341.
9. Carleton to Thomas Townshend, May 27, 1783, DAR, 21:172.
10. Memorial, Prosper Brown to Carleton, June 4, 1783, Crary, 370.
11. Chopra, 200.
12. Fowler (2011), 120; Schaukirk, 443; Anonymous, 1783, Crary, 360.
13. Carleton to Elias Boudinot, August 17, 1783, DAR, 21:208.
14. Carleton to Washington, August 29, 1782, FO.
15. Mercy Warren, History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution, vol. 3 (Boston: E. Larkin, 1805), 256.
16. Robert R. Livingston to Hamilton, August 30, 1783, FO.
17. Timothy Dwight, Travels in New-England and New-York (London: William Baynes and Son, 1823), 470-472.
18. Washington to Carleton, September 8, 1782, FO.
19. Carleton to Washington, September 12, 1782, FO.
20. Carleton to Washington, March 19, 1783, FO; William S. Baker, Itinerary of General Washington (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1892), 291; Washington to Capt. John Pray, March 30, 1783, GW.
